Table 1c – Common auxiliaries of language

Scope Note: The common auxiliaries of language denote the language or linguistic form of a document whose subject is denoted by a main UDC number. Table 1c is the main place in the UDC tables for enumeration of languages, and serves as the source for the subdivision of class 811 Languages (as subjects of study), class 821 Literatures of individual languages, and (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of ethnic grouping

Application Note: Although in theory the language of any document or item of information may be denoted, in practice it is useful only when there is a need to distinguish between those in different languages, e.g. to enable retrieval according to language or to provide a satisfactory filing order. In citation order, the language auxiliary normally comes last; it may, however, be cited medially or even first in a compound number if there is a need to file documents in order of language rather than subject. If necessary, it is separated from the following number by a colon (as in the second example below). Multilingual documents may be denoted by =00 or by the auxiliaries of the individual languages in ascending numeric order

◇ =111(02.053.2)53        English language works – children’s books – physics (arrangement by language)

◇ (02.053.2)=111:53       Children’s books – in English – physics (arrangement by form)

◇ 53(035)=00     Multilingual handbook of physics

◇ 53(035)=111=112.2=133.1       Handbook of physics in English, French and German

◇ 663.4(493)(075)=112.5              Brewing industry in Belgium – textbook – in Flemish (arrangement by subject)

⇨ (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality

⇨ 811 Languages

⇨ 821 Literatures of individual languages and language families

Special auxiliary subdivision for origins, periods and phases of development

Application Note: Special auxiliaries `01/`08 are also applicable in classes 81 and 82

Special auxiliary subdivision for language usage, dialects and variants

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

◇ =111`282(73) American-English, variant of English spoken in the USA

⇨ 81`27 Sociolinguistics. Usage of language

⇨ 81`28 Dialectology. Geographical linguistics. Areal linguistics

Social dialects. Vocational slangs. Special vernacular forms   Idioms, jargons, etc. associated with particular social strata or user groups

Application Note: Details on social dialects, jargons, etc. by colon combination with respective main classes and common auxiliaries for persons (Table 1k, -05)

Language or idiom of a particular age group or sex

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of persons (Table 1k, -05)

◇ =111`276.3-053.6    English teenage language, idiom or slang

◇ =131.1(450.82)`276.3-055.1    Italian Sicilian male parlance or idiom

◇ =133.1`276.3-053.2    French infant or child talk. Mothers’ or nurses’ baby talk prattle

◇ =162.1`276.3-053.5    Language of Polish schoolchildren

Occupational slangs

◇ =111`276.5:355.11      Soldiers’ slang

◇ =111`276.5:378-051   English students’ slang

Professional and technical language or parlance. Technolects

◇ =111`276.6:62              English technological and                                                           engineering language

◇ =133.1`276.6:34          French legal language

◇ =161.1`276.6:355        Russian military language

Regional, provincial dialects

◇ =134.2`282.3(460.35)                Andalusian dialect of Spanish

National variants or dialects of a language outside the country of origin

◇ =111`282.4(94)             English as spoken in Australia. Australian variant of English

◇ =133.1`282.4(71)         French as spoken in Canada

◇ =134.3`282.4(81)         Portuguese as spoken in Brazil

Contact languages. Pidgins and creoles

Scope Note: Use this number in combination with specific language family or with the main class 81 to denote general information about contact languages (stratum), mixed languages, pidgins, lingua francas, creoles and phenomenon of creolization. Some individual, named contact languages can be found in the subdivisions of =1/=8 (Table 1c)

⇨ 81               Linguistics and languages

⇨ =111.8        English-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =112.58     Dutch-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =133.18     French-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =134.38    Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =411.218   Arabic-based pidgins

Multilingual. Polyglot

⇨ 81`246.3   Multilingualism (plurilingualism) in general. Trilingualism in particular

Adapted, edited, amended versions

⇨ (0.046)     Revised editions. New editions

⇨ (0.074)     Amendments. Addenda. Postscripts

Translated documents. Translations

=030.1/.9 ≅ =1/=9

Application Note: Details on source language by =030.1/.9 and the target language directly by =1/=9

◇ 61=030.161.1               Medical documents translated from Russian

◇ 61=030.161.1=133.1   Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical translations from Russian)

◇ 61=133.1=030.161.1   Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical documents in French)

⇨ 81`25                            Theory of translation

⇨ 81`322                          Computational linguistics

Indo-European languages

⇨ =34       Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic)

Indo-European languages of Europe

Scope Note: Not including certain dead Indo-European languages

⇨ =29       Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere)

Germanic languages

◇ =11`01             Proto-Germanic language. Common Germanic

English

◇ =111`01          Old English / Anglo-Saxon (5th-12th century)

◇ =111`04          Middle English (12th-15th century)

◇ =111`06          Modern English (from 16th century)

English-based pidgins and creoles

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

 German (High German, Standard written German)

◇ =112.2`01       Old High German (Althochdeutsch) (ca. 8th-11th century)

◇ =112.2`04       Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) (ca. 11th-14th century)

◇ =112.2`06″13/16″        Early New High German (ca. 14th-17th century)

Low German (in a broader sense)

◇ =112.3`01       Old Low German / Old Saxon (ca. 8th-14th century)

◇ =112.3`04       Middle Low German / Middle Saxon (ca. 12th-17th century)

Low German / Low Saxon (in the strict sense)   West Low German and East Low German dialects

Information Note: Known as Plattdeutsch / Niederdeutsch / Niedersächsisch in Germany and Nederduits in the Netherlands

Frisian languages

◇ =112.4`01       Old Frisian (8th-16th century)

◇ =112.4`04       Middle Frisian (16th-19th century)

West Frisian / Frisian

◇ =112.45`06     Modern West Frisian (from 19th century)

Dutch-based pidgins and creoles

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Old Norse

Application Note: If preferred, Old Norse may be classed at =113`01

Archaic Latin / Early Latin / Old Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Roman monarchy and the Republic (before 75 BCE)

Classical Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Golden and Silver Ages of Latin literature (ca. 100 BCE-200 CE)

Vulgar Latin

Scope Note: Class here the vernacular dialects and variants of Latin spoken from earliest times in Italy that evolved into the early Romance languages in ca. 900 CE

Mediaeval Latin / Late Latin. Ecclesiastic or Church Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Late Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire (ca. 200-900 CE) and also the literary and administrative Latin used during the Middle Ages

Modern Latin   Renaissance Latin, New Latin / Neo-Latin, Contemporary Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use since 1500 CE, including Latin used for scientific nomenclature, modern ecclesiastical Latin and Spoken Latin

 Venetian

Information Note: The placement of Venetian in Gallo-Italian languages is disputed

French

◇ =133.1(71)      French spoken in Canada

◇ =133.1`01       Old French (ancien français) (ca. 700-1300 CE)

◇ =133.1`04       Middle French (ca. 1300-1600 CE)

Franco-Provençal / Arpitan / Romand

Scope Note: Not to be confused with =134.92 Occitan-Provencal (an Ibero-Romance language)

Catalan

◇ =134.1(450.88)             Algherese – Catalan spoken in Sardinia

◇ =134.1(460.31)             Valencian / Valenciano – Catalan spoken in Valencia

◇ =134.1(460.32)             Balearic – Catalan spoken in Balearic Islands

Spanish / Castilian

◇ =134.2`01       Old Spanish / Castillian (to 15th century)

◇ =134.2`02       Classical Spanish (16th-17th century)

◇ =134.2`06       Modern Spanish (from 18th century)

Portuguese

◇ =134.3`282.4(673)       Portuguese as spoken in Angola

◇ =134.3`282.4(81)         Portuguese as spoken in Brazil. Brazilian variant of Portuguese

Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles

◇ =134.38(665.7)             Guinea-Bissau Creole / Kriol

◇ =134.38(671.83)          Annobonese Creole / Fa d’Ambu (Equatorial Guinea)

◇ =134.38(729.885)        Papiamento spoken in Aruba

Dalmatian (extinct)   Vegliotic, Ragusian, Jadertianian and Labeatic

Information Note: Dalmatian can also be classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Istriotic). It is disputed whether it was a single language or series of related languages

Istriotic

Information Note: Istriotic can be also classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Dalmatian)

Mycenaean Greek / Achaean Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Mycenaean period (ca. 1400-1100 BCE)

Ancient Greek / Classical Greek   Aeolic, Ionic (Attic) and Doric dialects

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Archaic (ca. 800-500 BCE) and Classical (ca. 400-300 BCE) periods of the ancient Greek civilization

Koine / Hellenistic Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Hellenistic and Roman periods of the ancient Greek civilization (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)

Information Note: Also known as Common Greek, New Testament Greek, Biblical Greek, Alexandrian dialect and Post-Classical Greek

Byzantine Greek / Mediaeval Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use in the Byzantine Empire (ca. 300-1453 CE)

Modern Greek

Scope Note: Class here the Greek in use since 15th century. Class here Dimotiki (Demotic Greek), Katharevousa and standard modern Greek (the official language of Greece and Cyprus)

Rusyn / Rusin / Carpathian-Rusyn / Carpatho-Rusyn

Scope Note: Rusyn is a Carpathian dialect of Ukrainian, spoken by Ruthenians (Rusyns)

Information Note: Rusyns (Rusnaks, Ruthene, Subcarpathian Rusyns, Lemko) are Ukrainians who, by accidents of history in the late Middle Ages, were absorbed into the territory of Lithuania, which in turn was united with Poland. There are ethnic minorities speaking the language in Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Czechia, Slovakia and Russia

Polish

Scope Note: Class here Lower Silesian, considered a dialect of Polish. For Upper Silesian / Upper Schlesisch, an East Middle German dialect see =112.24

Macedonian

Scope Note: Not to be confused with =293 Ancient Macedonian

⇨ =293 Ancient Macedonian

Indo-Iranian, Nuristani and dead Indo-European languages

⇨ =34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic)

Sanskrit

◇ =211`01          Vedic Sanskrit (ca. 1800-1000 BCE)

◇ =211`02          Classical Sanskrit (ca. 500 BCE – 1000 CE)

Romany / Gipsy / Gypsy

Information Note: Language spoken by Roma people / Gipsies / Gypsies

Ancient Macedonian

Scope Note: An extinct Paleo-Balkan language of the ancient Macedonians. Not to be confused with modern Macedonian, which is a South Slavic language

⇨ =163.3   Macedonian

Afro-Asiatic / Hamito-Semitic languages

Information Note: Hamito-Semitic is currently an outdated term

Biblical Hebrew / Classical Hebrew   Samarian Hebrew

Scope Note: Class here the language of the First Temple period (Judaean / Yehudit) used as literary language, especially for the Biblical texts but also for the later Haskalah (or Enlightenment) and Hassidic literature (XVIII century)

Lithurgical Hebrew

Scope Note: Class here Mizrahi Hebrew (Arabic pronunciation), Sephardi Hebrew (Judezmo or Ladino pronunciation) and Ashkenazi Hebrew (Yiddish pronunciation)

Modern Hebrew

Information Note: Standard Hebrew, as spoken in Israel, developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda. Also known as Israeli Hebrew or New Hebrew

Modern Hebrew

Information Note: Standard Hebrew, as spoken in Israel, developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda. Also known as Israeli Hebrew or New Hebrew

Nabataean Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Nabataean kingdom (Petra)

Galilean Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Talmud and the Targumim in their Galilean versions

Hasmonaean and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Talmud and the Targumim in their original and Babylonian versions

Mandaic

Information Note: Language of the Mandaean religion

Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`01              Old Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`04              Middle Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`06              Modern Syriac / ‘Assyrian’

Arabic

◇ =411.21`01     Pre-Classical Arabic / pre-Islamic Arabic

◇ =411.21`02     Classical Arabic

◇ =411.21`06     Modern Standard Arabic

Maghrebi Arabic   Algerian, Libyan, Moroccan, Tunisian, Saharan and Hassaniya Arabic

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Arabic-based pidgins

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Gurage languages   East Gurage (Silt’e and Zway / Zay); North Gurage (Soddo / Kistane); West Gurage (Masqan / Meskan, Inor / Ennemor, Muher and Chaha / Cheha)

Information Note: The group includes many languages, dialects and variants spoken by the Gurage people in Ethiopia

Tigrinya

Information Note: Tigrinya is one of the official (de facto) languages of Eritrea

Ge’ez

Information Note: Sometimes referred to as Ethiopic. Nowadays, Ge’ez is just used in the liturgy of Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches

Eastern South Semitic / Modern South Arabian languages   Jibbali / Shehri, Mehri / Mahri and Soqotri / Sokotri

Information Note: Eastern South Arabian languages (spoken in Yemen, Oman and the island of Socotra) also includes endangered Bathari, Harsusi and Hobyót languages

Archaic Egyptian. Old Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Early Dynastic Period before 2600 BCE and the language in use during the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2600-2000 BCE)

Information Note: This is the language of the “Pyramid Texts” and the tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom

Middle Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language known as Classical Egyptian in use during the Middle Kingdom, the Second Intermediate Period and the early New Kingdom to the end of Dynasty XVIII (ca. 2000-1300 BCE). Class here also the language known as Late Middle Egyptian, which coexisted with Late Egyptian for a millennium and was used for religious texts mainly up to the Greco-Roman period (ca. 300 BCE-200 CE)

Late Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the late New Kingdom (Ramesside period, Dynasty XIX-XX) and the Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1300-700 BCE)

Egyptian Demotic / Late Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Late Period, Achaemenid and Ptolemaic Egypt to the Roman period (ca. 700 BCE-400 CE)

Coptic / Egyptian Coptic

Scope Note: Class here the later stage of Ancient Egyptian language, in use from 400 to 1600 CE. Replaced by Arabic from 900 CE onward, today it survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox and Catholic Churches

Berber languages

Information Note: The name Tamazight is being increasingly used to refer to standard Berber or to Berber languages as a whole

Guanche

Scope Note: Class here all the dialects spoken by the first inhabitants of Canary Islands

Biu-Mandara languages / Central Chadic languages

Scope Note: For East Chadic languages, see =414.27

Mafa-Mofu languages   Giziga, Mada, Mafa, Matal, Mbuko, Mefele, Merey, Mofu, Muyang, Wuzlam and Zulgo-Gemzek

Scope Note: Mada in Mafa-Mofu languages should not be confused with Mada in =432.75 Plateau Benue-Congo languages (Nigeria)

Awngi

Information Note: Awngi has been erroneously called Awiya, an inappropriate ethnonym

Oromo / Afaan borana Oromo / Oromiffa / Oromiffaa

Information Note: Oromo was in the past referred to as “Galla”, an offensive term, no longer in use

Omo-Tana languages   Rendille, Baiso, Garre and Tunni

Scope Note: For Somali as a particular language, see =415.323.1

Information Note: Omo-Tana languages were also known as Somali languages

Songhai   Tadaksahak and Dendi dialects

Information Note: Songhai dialects are used as a lingua franca since the era of Songhay Empire in Mali, Niger and Benin

Kanuri   Kanembu

Information Note: Ensemble of dialects spoken by the Kanuri people, supposedly descendents of the Kanem-Bornu mediaeval Empire

Dazaga

Information Note: Closely related to Tedaga. Tedaga and Dazaga are known as Tebu / Tedu languages spoken by Teda and Daza peoples

Tedaga

Information Note: Closely related to Dazaga. Tedaga and Dazaga are known as Tebu / Tedu languages spoken by Teda and Daza peoples

Nobiin / Nubian / Mahas / Fadicca   Old Nubian

Information Note: Nobiin has a written history that can be traced back a millennium

Dinka

Information Note: A dialect-cluster formed by 4 main varieties

Datooga / Taturu / Mang’ati

Information Note: A cluster of dialects from Tanzania

Meroitic

Information Note: The classification of this extinct language is uncertain due to lack of data

Moru-Ma’di languages

Information Note: The name Ma’di is used by various peoples in the region

Sara languages

Information Note: A cluster of dialects and variants spoken in southern Chad. Sar / Madjingay is used as a lingua franca in Sar province

Berta

Kuliak languages   Ik / Teuso, Soo and Nyang’i              

Kordofanian languages

Information Note: A geographic grouping of several linguistic families not genealogically related, spoken in Nuba Hills of Kordofan province, Sudan

Katla languages   Kaalak / Katla and Tima / Domorik

Talodi-Heiban languages

Heiban / Koalib / Koalib-Moro languages   Koalib / Kwalib / Rere, Heiban / Ebang / Abul, Tiro and Moro        

Talodi / Talodi-Masakin languages   Dengebu / Dagik, Ngile / Daloka, Jomang / Talodi and Lumun

Rashad / Tegali languages   Tagoi, Tegali and Tingal

Niger-Congo languages              

Atlantic / West Atlantic languages

Information Note: A geographic grouping of several linguistic branches not genealogically related, spoken in African West Atlantic coast (Senegal and Guinea)

Northern Atlantic group / Senegal-Guinea languages. Senegambian languages (Bak)              

Balanta

Fula / Fulani

Information Note: The language has several names. Fula people call it Pulaar / Fulfulde. In English Fula and Fulani are used (coming from Manding and Hausa languages). In French, Peul is used (coming from Wolof language)

Manjaku languages   Uhula / Mankanya and Papel

Serer / Seereer-Siin             

Wolof              

Cangin languages   Saafi-Saafi / Serer-Safen, (Serer-)Ndut and (Serer-)Noon

Mel languages / Southern Atlantic languages

Information Note: Formerly known as Limba-Mel languages

Bullom languages   Bom / Krim, Sherbro / Southern Bullom and Bullom So / Mmani              

Kissi

Limba              

Temne / Themne / Timne

Baga languages   Baga Binari, Baga Koga and Baga Manduri              

Gola

Bijago / Bidyogo              

Atlantic languages outside language groups

Gur languages. Senufo languages. Bariba

Scope Note: For Gur languages, see =432.32/.36. For Senufo languages, see =432.37. For Bariba, see =432.38

Gur languages / Central Gur languages / Voltaic languages   Koromfe               

Bwa / Bwamu / Buamu languages   Bomu / Boomu / Bo and Bwamu / Bobo

Кasem

Sisaala

Oti-Volta languages / Moré-Gurma languages   Buli, Koma, Yom, Nawdm and Tammari          

Nankani / Gurenne / Farefare              

Kusaal

Lobi languages

Information Note: Lobi is a loose term referring to several close ethnic groups from Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso

Lobiri    

Senufo languages

Suppire-Mamara languages

Suppire / Supyire

Mamara / Mianka            

Tagwana-Djimini languages

Karaboro languages        

Senari languages

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Mali, Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso, the most important being Cebaara

Bariba / Baatonu / Bargu

Information Note: Bariba was the language of the ancient state of Borgu

Kwa languages. Ijoid languages

Scope Note: For Ijoid languages, see =432.48. Kwa / New Kwa languages are a proposed family of languages usually comprising Potou-Tano and Ga-Adangme languages

Potou-Tano languages             

Guang languages   Larteh and Gonja / Choruba

Akan-Bia languages / Central Tano languages

Bia languages              

Anyin

Scope Note: For Baule, see =432.413.5

Baule / Baoulé               

Akan   Abron / Brong, Fanté, Twi / Akuapem and Ashanti

Information Note: Dialect cluster, the most important being Twi and Fanté

Potou languages              

Ga-Adangme languages   Ga and Adangme

Kalabari   

Nkoroo

Izon     

Ghana-Togo Mountain languages / Central Togo languages. Lagoon languages

Scope Note: Central Togo languages comprise Na-Togo (Siwu, Logba) and Ka-Togo (Kposo, Akebu). Lagoon languages comprise a reduced set of languages spoken in Ivory Coast

Kru languages

Bassa

Information Note: Bassa is written with an indigenous script known as Vah

Bété

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Côte d’Ivoire           

Grebo

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Liberia and Ivory Coast, including Grebo, Krumen and Glio-Oubi

Kru

Bakwe-Wane

Dida

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Ivory Coast

Volta-Niger languages            

Nupe             

Ebira      

Dibo

Idomoid languages   Akweya group (Idoma and Igede) and Yatye-Akpa group             

Oko / Ogori-Magongo

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria

Gbe languages

Information Note: Gbe is a dialect continuum grouped in five clusters, formerly known as Ewe group               

Fon

Scope Note: Class here Gu / Gun / Gungbe, a dialect of Fon

Ewe             

Gen / Mina            

Aja

Phla-Pherá languages             

Yoruboid languages               

Yoruba

Information Note: Yoruba is a dialect continuum spoken by Yoruba people in Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Traces of this language have been found in Brazil and Cuba            

Igala

Isekiri              

Ede languages

Information Note: Languages cluster including Ife, Ede Ije and Ede Nago

Igboid languages. Akoko             

Igbo languages   Ikwerre, Ika, Ogba and Izi      

Akoko    

Isoko

Scope Note: For Urhobo, see =432.583

Urhobo             

Adamawa languages. Ubangian languages             

Adamawa languages

Leko languages   Samba Leko               

Duru languages   Duru / Dii, Koma and Mom Jango

Mbum-Day languages   Bua languages (Bua, Gula); Kim languages; Mbum languages (Mbum, Tupuri); Day language     

Mundang         

Yungur languages   Yungur and Kaan             

Adamawa languages outside language groups             

Ubangian languages

Banda languages   All varieties of Banda, Langbashe and Mbandja      

Gbaya languages   Bokoto, Gbaya, Gbanu, Manza, Ngbaka and Suma        

Ngbaka languages   Ngbaka Ma’bo, Mayogo, Baka and Kpala

Mba languages   Mba       

Sere languages   Sere, Ndogo and Feroge

Ngbandi languages   Ngbandi and Yakoma           

Sangho / Sango

Information Note: Sangho is a Creole language based on Ngbandi

Zande languages   Zande            

Ubangian languages outside language groups       

Non-Bantoid languages. Bantoid languages              

Non-Bantoid languages  

Delta-Cross / Cross-River languages

Ibibio-Efik   Ibibio, Efik, Anaang and Ukwa

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria

Ogoni languages   Eastern Ogoni languages (Khana and Gokana) and Western Ogoni languages (Eleme)

Ogbia           

Lokaa

Oring / Koring

Jukunoid languages. Kainji languages     

Plateau Benue-Congo languages   Alumic group; Jilic-Eggonic group (Jili / Koro, Eggon, Ake); Ahwai (Ndun / Nandu, Nyeng / Ningon, Shakara / Tari); Ninzic group (Mada, Ce); Tarokoid group (Tarok)

Scope Note: Mada in the Plateau languages should not be confused with Mada in =414.122 Mafa Mofu languages (Cameroon)

Information Note: Plateau languages are tentative, poorly explored group of Benue-Congo languages spoken in Jos Plateau of Central Nigeria

Dakoid languages      

Bantoid languages

Mambiloid languages. Bendi languages    

Mambiloid languages

Bendi languages   Alege, Bekwarra, Bete-Bendi, Bokyi, Bumaji, Obanliku, Ubang, Ukpe-Bayobiri and Utugwang-Irugene-Afrike

Southern Bantoid languages

Bamun              

Bamileke languages   Ngwe, Ngiemboon and Fe’fe’

Information Note: Languages cluster spoken in Cameroon

Ring languages   Kom, Nso and Vengo             

Momo languages   Ngwo          

Jarawan languages

Information Note: Dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon

Mamfe / Nyang languages   Denya, Kendem and Kenyang

Beboid languages   Bebe, Noone / Noni / Misaje, Kemezung and Mashi

Tikar

Tivoid languages       

Tiv

Bantu languages        

Bantu languages, groups from A to K         

Bantu languages Group A

Bafia group             

Basaa group   Bassa / Basaa

Bubi-Benga group

Duala group

Kaka group

Lundu-Balong group 

Makaa-Njem group   Maka / Makaa and Nzime / Koonzime

Sanaga group

Bulu

Fang

Bantu languages Group B 

Kele (Kota) group

Mbete group

Myene group

Shira-Punu group

Teke group

Tiene-Yanzi group   Tiene / Tende and Yansi / Yanzi

Tsogo group          

Bantu languages Group C   

Bangi-Ntomba group   Bangi and Ntomba / Ntumba

Bushoong group

Lusengo group   Lusengo / Losengo  

Lingala / Ngala

Mboshi group

Mongo-Nkundo group

Mongo

Ngandu

Nkundu

Ngombe group

Ngondi group   Ngondi / Ngundi / Ingundi and Pande

Soko-Kele group  

Tetela group 

Bantu languages Group D

Bembe-Buyi group

Bembe   

Hunde

Bira-Nyali group   Bera / Bira and Nyali

Konjo-Nande group   Konjo and Nande        

Lega-Holoholo group 

Mbole-Enya group   Enya / Ena and Mbole / Mbolo

Ruanda-Rundi group

Ha

Ruanda / Rwandese / Kinyarwanda

Rundi / Barundi / Kirundi

Bantu languages Group E               

Chaga group            

Haya-Jita group

Haya              

Jita

Kikuyu-Kamba group               

Kamba              

Kikuyu / Gikuyu              

Meru

Masaba-Luhya group              

Nyore / Nyole            

Masaba

Nyika-Taita group              

Taita (Dabida)              

Nyoro-Ganda group              

Chiga

Lugwere / Gwere  

Nyoro

Toro / Tooro   

Ragoli-Kuria group

Gusii

Ragoli (Logooli)            

Bantu languages Group F            

Sukuma-Nyamwezi group

Sukuma              

Tongwe-Bende group              

Bantu languages Group G

Kisi

Gogo-Kagulu group   Gogo and Kagulu

Pogolo-Ndamba group   Ndamba and Pogolo

Shambala group

Swahili group   Comorian and Mwani

Kikongo group   Kongo, Laari, Kunyi, Suundi and Yombe

Yaka group

Bantu languages Group K

Ciokwe-Luchazi group

Luchazi

Lwena (Luvale)

Chokwe / Ciokwe

Luyana group   

Mashi   

Subiya-Totela group

Kaonde group

Luba group    

Luba-Lulua / Luba-Kasai / tshiLuba             

Lunda group

Lunda             

Pende group

Bemba group

Lenje-Tonga group

Nyiha-Safwa group

Bantu languages Group N

Chewa-Nyanja group   Chichewa / Chewa / Nyanja

Matuumbi group

Kuanyama / Kwanyama

Southern Bantu languages / Group S

Shona / chiShona

Tswana / seTswana

Tswa / xiTswa

Central Mande languages

Ligbi

Information Note: Ligbi is one of Jogo / Numu languages, the other one being extinct Tonjon

Susu / Soso and Yalunka

Vai and Kono             

Vai / Vy / Gallinas

Information Note: Vai is one of the few African languages with its own writing system

Mokole languages   Kababe, Kuranko and Lele

Loma 

Mende and Loko

Northwest Mande languages      

Soninke

Bozo languages

Information Note: A cluster of several varieties spoken in Mali

Samogo languages

Southeast Mande languages

Dan

Guro / Kweni and Yaure      

Mano

Mwa and Wan             

Bisa / Bissa

Samo languages

Dogon languages

Information Note: Dogon groups comprises dozen languages spoken in Mali

Toro soo   Other Escarpment Dogon: Tommo soo and Donno soo

Jamsay   Other Plains Dogon: Toro degu, Tene kã and Tomo kã

Ejenge dõ   Other western Dogon languages

Khoisan languages (scientifically obsolete)

Scope Note: Use this class for the convenience of grouping only. The term “Khoisan Languages” was previously used to group a set of languages that are not genealogically related

Kx’a / Northern Khoisan / Juu-ǂHoan languages

!Kung / Juu / !Xu / !Xun   !’O!Kung, Ju|’hoan and ǂKx’au||’ein / Auen

ǂHoan / Huan / Hua

!Kwi languages   Moribund or extinct dialect clusters from South Africa, such as |Xam / N||ng

Khoe / Central Khoisan languages

Information Note: Khoe languages were formerly known as Hottentot, now considered a pejorative, discouraged term

Khoekhoe languages   Nàmá / Khoekhoe (dialect cluster including ‡Aakhoe and Hai||om), as well as extinct or moribund dialect clusters Xiri (Cape Hottentot) and Korana

Sandawe

Hadza

Khoisan languages outside language groups

Ural-Altaic languages   

Uralic languages    

Karelian

Vepsian

Votian

Ingrian (Izhorian)

Sami / Saami / Lappic languages   Akkala Sami (extinct), Inari Sami, Kemi Sami (extinct), Kildin Sami, Lule Sami, Northern Sami (Davvisámi), Pite Sami, Skolt Sami, Southern Sami, Ter Sami, Ume Sami

Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Permic languages

Votyak (Udmurt)

Zyrian (Komi)

Ugric languages

Ostyak

Vogul (Mansi)  

Volgaic languages

Cheremis

Erzya

Moksha

Ostyak Samoyed (Selkup)  

Tavgy Samoyed

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

Karakalpak

Kazakh              

Nogai               

Eastern (Karluk) group of Turkic languages

Uighur

Uzbek            

Western group of Turkic languages

Karachay

Karaite    

Kumyk    

Tatar

Chulym             

Kirghiz (Kyrgiz, Kirgiz)

Shor

Tuva (Soyon)

Southern group of Turkic languages

Turkmen

Evenki

Negidal

Akani

Samagir

Ju-chen

Khalkha

Mongul

Pao-an

Korean

◇ =531`01          Old Korean (1st-10th century CE)

◇ =531`04          Middle Korean (10th-16th century CE)

◇ =531`06          Modern Korean (from 17th century CE)

Palaeo-Siberian languages

Chukchi-Kamtchatkan languages

Kamchadal

Gilyak

Yenisei-Ostyak

Eskimo-Aleut languages

Inuit

Yupik   Alaskan Yupik and Siberian Yupik

Central branch of Dravidian languages

Kolami

Naiki

Pengo

Telugu

◇ =572.24`01     Early Telugu

◇ =572.24`02     Classical Telugu (Golden Age)

◇ =572.24`04     Colonial Telugu

◇ =572.24`06     Modern Telugu

Kannada (Kanarese)

Tamil

◇ =573.15`01     Old Tamil (before 8th century CE)

◇ =573.15`04     Middle Tamil (8th-13th century CE)

◇ =573.15`06     Modern Tamil (from 13th century CE)

Sino-Tibetan languages

Chinese languages   

Mandarin (Kuang-hua; Northern Chinese)

Kan (Nan Ch’ang)

Min Man (Southern Min)

Other Chinese languages 

Kam-Sui group

Central Tai (Nung-Tho) languages

Lü

Tho

Miao

Punu  

Naga (Tangsa) group             

Lepcha

Nung

Lolo-Moso group

Lolo

Adi (Abor-Miri)

Sgaw

Lushai

Lakher

Tibetan (Bhotia)

◇ =584.6`02       Classical Tibetan

Dzorgaic (Ch’iang)

Jakun

Koho

Katuic

Palaung-Wa (Salween)

Muong

Gutob (Gadaba)     

Juang

Kharia

Santali

Other Munda languages

Atayalic group

Cordilleran group 

Ibanag

Igorot group   

Kalinga group

Pangansinan

Dibabaic (Manobo)

Tagalic group

Waray (Samaron)

Chamorro

Northern Sulawesi (Celebes) group

Loinang-Banggai group  

Toradja group

Muna-Butung group

Lampung

Other Sumatran languages

Javanese

◇ =621.253.1`01              Kawi

Land Dayak

Cham    

Malagasy  

Other West Indonesian languages

Bima-Sumba group

Kusaie

Marshallese

Yap             

North-east New Guinean languages

⇨ =714

North-eastern New Guinean languages. Madang languages

New Hebrides languages

Polynesian languages

Rarotongan            

Samoic-Outlier group  

Niuean 

New Guinean (Papuan) languages

North-eastern New Guinean languages. Madang languages

⇨ =622.2

North-east New Guinean languages

Western New Guinean languages

Bougainville languages   Eastern group (Buin and Nasioi) and Western group (Rotokas, Keriaka, Kunua)

Other languages spoken in Central Melanesia

Tasmanian / Palawa languages

Other Australian languages

American indigenous languages

Scope Note: Also called Amerind or Amerindian languages. Include indigenous languages of the Americas spoken by indigenous (aboriginal) peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland

Indigenous languages of Canada, USA and Northern-Central Mexico

Scope Note: Sometimes also termed North American Indian languages

Na-Dené. Haida

Scope Note: Na-Dené / Na Dene / Nadene family comprises Athabaskan languages, Eyak (extinct) and Tlingit

Plains Apache

Information Note: Formerly known as Kiowa Apache

Western Apache    

Jicarilla Apache / Abáachi Mizaa

Carrier / Dakelh   Babine and Witsuwit’en

Information Note: Some authors consider Babine-Witsuwit’en to be a separate language

Dene group of Athabaskan languages   Dogrib / Hare / Tlicho, Chipewyan, Yellowknives / T’atsaot’ine, Slavey / Deh Cho and Sahtu / Sahtú tine languages

Information Note: Some authors include Sari in this group

Haida, Tlingit and Eyak languages 

Haida

Information Note: Although traditionally included in this group, Haida is considered, by some authors, an isolated language

Sarsi / Tsuut’ina

Beaver / Danezaa / Dunneza

Blackfoot   The languages of the Blackfoot Confederacy or Niitsitapi: North Peigan, South Peigan / Blackfeet, Kainai and Siksika / Siksikawa

Naskapi / Innu 

Potawatomi / Nesnabemwen

Information Note: Closely related to Ojibwa-Ottawa

Eastern Algonquian languages   Wiyot, Wampanoag / Wopanaak / Massachusett, Quinnipiac and Nanticoke

Maliseet / Wolastoqiyit

Mohegan-Pequot

Scope Note: Not to be confused with =812.37 Mahican / Mohican

Mahican / Mohican   

Powhatan / Virginia Algonquians              

Yurok             

Kutenai / Kootenai / Ktunaxa

Information Note: Also considered an isolated language

Muskogean languages     

Alabama             

Choctaw. Chickasaw

Information Note: Choctaw and Chikasaw are by some linguists considered dialects of the same language             

Mikasuki / Miccosukee / Hitchiti-Mikasuki   Hitchiti (extinct)

Information Note: One of two languages spoken by Seminole tribe, the other is =813.5 Muskogee

Koasati   

Muskogee / Muscogee / Creek

Information Note: One of two languages spoken by Seminole tribe, the other is =813.3 Mikasuki

Caddo