Table 1c – Common auxiliaries of language

Scope Note: The common auxiliaries of language denote the language or linguistic form of a document whose subject is denoted by a main UDC number. Table 1c is the main place in the UDC tables for enumeration of languages, and serves as the source for the subdivision of class 811 Languages (as subjects of study), class 821 Literatures of individual languages, and (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of ethnic grouping

Application Note: Although in theory the language of any document or item of information may be denoted, in practice it is useful only when there is a need to distinguish between those in different languages, e.g. to enable retrieval according to language or to provide a satisfactory filing order. In citation order, the language auxiliary normally comes last; it may, however, be cited medially or even first in a compound number if there is a need to file documents in order of language rather than subject. If necessary, it is separated from the following number by a colon (as in the second example below). Multilingual documents may be denoted by =00 or by the auxiliaries of the individual languages in ascending numeric order

◇ =111(02.053.2)53        English language works – children’s books – physics (arrangement by language)

◇ (02.053.2)=111:53       Children’s books – in English – physics (arrangement by form)

◇ 53(035)=00     Multilingual handbook of physics

◇ 53(035)=111=112.2=133.1       Handbook of physics in English, French and German

◇ 663.4(493)(075)=112.5              Brewing industry in Belgium – textbook – in Flemish (arrangement by subject)

⇨ (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality

⇨ 811 Languages

⇨ 821 Literatures of individual languages and language families

Special auxiliary subdivision for origins, periods and phases of development

Application Note: Special auxiliaries `01/`08 are also applicable in classes 81 and 82

Special auxiliary subdivision for language usage, dialects and variants

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

◇ =111`282(73) American-English, variant of English spoken in the USA

⇨ 81`27 Sociolinguistics. Usage of language

⇨ 81`28 Dialectology. Geographical linguistics. Areal linguistics

Social dialects. Vocational slangs. Special vernacular forms   Idioms, jargons, etc. associated with particular social strata or user groups

Application Note: Details on social dialects, jargons, etc. by colon combination with respective main classes and common auxiliaries for persons (Table 1k, -05)

Language or idiom of a particular age group or sex

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of persons (Table 1k, -05)

◇ =111`276.3-053.6    English teenage language, idiom or slang

◇ =131.1(450.82)`276.3-055.1    Italian Sicilian male parlance or idiom

◇ =133.1`276.3-053.2    French infant or child talk. Mothers’ or nurses’ baby talk prattle

◇ =162.1`276.3-053.5    Language of Polish schoolchildren

Occupational slangs

◇ =111`276.5:355.11      Soldiers’ slang

◇ =111`276.5:378-051   English students’ slang

Professional and technical language or parlance. Technolects

◇ =111`276.6:62              English technological and                                                           engineering language

◇ =133.1`276.6:34          French legal language

◇ =161.1`276.6:355        Russian military language

Regional, provincial dialects

◇ =134.2`282.3(460.35)                Andalusian dialect of Spanish

National variants or dialects of a language outside the country of origin

◇ =111`282.4(94)             English as spoken in Australia. Australian variant of English

◇ =133.1`282.4(71)         French as spoken in Canada

◇ =134.3`282.4(81)         Portuguese as spoken in Brazil

Contact languages. Pidgins and creoles

Scope Note: Use this number in combination with specific language family or with the main class 81 to denote general information about contact languages (stratum), mixed languages, pidgins, lingua francas, creoles and phenomenon of creolization. Some individual, named contact languages can be found in the subdivisions of =1/=8 (Table 1c)

⇨ 81               Linguistics and languages

⇨ =111.8        English-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =112.58     Dutch-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =133.18     French-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =134.38    Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles

⇨ =411.218   Arabic-based pidgins

Multilingual. Polyglot

⇨ 81`246.3   Multilingualism (plurilingualism) in general. Trilingualism in particular

Adapted, edited, amended versions

⇨ (0.046)     Revised editions. New editions

⇨ (0.074)     Amendments. Addenda. Postscripts

Translated documents. Translations

=030.1/.9 ≅ =1/=9

Application Note: Details on source language by =030.1/.9 and the target language directly by =1/=9

◇ 61=030.161.1               Medical documents translated from Russian

◇ 61=030.161.1=133.1   Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical translations from Russian)

◇ 61=133.1=030.161.1   Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical documents in French)

⇨ 81`25                            Theory of translation

⇨ 81`322                          Computational linguistics

Indo-European languages

⇨ =34       Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic)

Indo-European languages of Europe

Scope Note: Not including certain dead Indo-European languages

⇨ =29       Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere)

Germanic languages

◇ =11`01             Proto-Germanic language. Common Germanic

English

◇ =111`01          Old English / Anglo-Saxon (5th-12th century)

◇ =111`04          Middle English (12th-15th century)

◇ =111`06          Modern English (from 16th century)

English-based pidgins and creoles

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

 German (High German, Standard written German)

◇ =112.2`01       Old High German (Althochdeutsch) (ca. 8th-11th century)

◇ =112.2`04       Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) (ca. 11th-14th century)

◇ =112.2`06″13/16″        Early New High German (ca. 14th-17th century)

Low German (in a broader sense)

◇ =112.3`01       Old Low German / Old Saxon (ca. 8th-14th century)

◇ =112.3`04       Middle Low German / Middle Saxon (ca. 12th-17th century)

Low German / Low Saxon (in the strict sense)   West Low German and East Low German dialects

Information Note: Known as Plattdeutsch / Niederdeutsch / Niedersächsisch in Germany and Nederduits in the Netherlands

Frisian languages

◇ =112.4`01       Old Frisian (8th-16th century)

◇ =112.4`04       Middle Frisian (16th-19th century)

West Frisian / Frisian

◇ =112.45`06     Modern West Frisian (from 19th century)

Dutch-based pidgins and creoles

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Old Norse

Application Note: If preferred, Old Norse may be classed at =113`01

Archaic Latin / Early Latin / Old Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Roman monarchy and the Republic (before 75 BCE)

Classical Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Golden and Silver Ages of Latin literature (ca. 100 BCE-200 CE)

Vulgar Latin

Scope Note: Class here the vernacular dialects and variants of Latin spoken from earliest times in Italy that evolved into the early Romance languages in ca. 900 CE

Mediaeval Latin / Late Latin. Ecclesiastic or Church Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Late Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire (ca. 200-900 CE) and also the literary and administrative Latin used during the Middle Ages

Modern Latin   Renaissance Latin, New Latin / Neo-Latin, Contemporary Latin

Scope Note: Class here the language in use since 1500 CE, including Latin used for scientific nomenclature, modern ecclesiastical Latin and Spoken Latin

 Venetian

Information Note: The placement of Venetian in Gallo-Italian languages is disputed

French

◇ =133.1(71)      French spoken in Canada

◇ =133.1`01       Old French (ancien français) (ca. 700-1300 CE)

◇ =133.1`04       Middle French (ca. 1300-1600 CE)

Franco-Provençal / Arpitan / Romand

Scope Note: Not to be confused with =134.92 Occitan-Provencal (an Ibero-Romance language)

Catalan

◇ =134.1(450.88)             Algherese – Catalan spoken in Sardinia

◇ =134.1(460.31)             Valencian / Valenciano – Catalan spoken in Valencia

◇ =134.1(460.32)             Balearic – Catalan spoken in Balearic Islands

Spanish / Castilian

◇ =134.2`01       Old Spanish / Castillian (to 15th century)

◇ =134.2`02       Classical Spanish (16th-17th century)

◇ =134.2`06       Modern Spanish (from 18th century)

Portuguese

◇ =134.3`282.4(673)       Portuguese as spoken in Angola

◇ =134.3`282.4(81)         Portuguese as spoken in Brazil. Brazilian variant of Portuguese

Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles

◇ =134.38(665.7)             Guinea-Bissau Creole / Kriol

◇ =134.38(671.83)          Annobonese Creole / Fa d’Ambu (Equatorial Guinea)

◇ =134.38(729.885)        Papiamento spoken in Aruba

Dalmatian (extinct)   Vegliotic, Ragusian, Jadertianian and Labeatic

Information Note: Dalmatian can also be classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Istriotic). It is disputed whether it was a single language or series of related languages

Istriotic

Information Note: Istriotic can be also classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Dalmatian)

Mycenaean Greek / Achaean Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Mycenaean period (ca. 1400-1100 BCE)

Ancient Greek / Classical Greek   Aeolic, Ionic (Attic) and Doric dialects

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Archaic (ca. 800-500 BCE) and Classical (ca. 400-300 BCE) periods of the ancient Greek civilization

Koine / Hellenistic Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Hellenistic and Roman periods of the ancient Greek civilization (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)

Information Note: Also known as Common Greek, New Testament Greek, Biblical Greek, Alexandrian dialect and Post-Classical Greek

Byzantine Greek / Mediaeval Greek

Scope Note: Class here the language in use in the Byzantine Empire (ca. 300-1453 CE)

Modern Greek

Scope Note: Class here the Greek in use since 15th century. Class here Dimotiki (Demotic Greek), Katharevousa and standard modern Greek (the official language of Greece and Cyprus)

Rusyn / Rusin / Carpathian-Rusyn / Carpatho-Rusyn

Scope Note: Rusyn is a Carpathian dialect of Ukrainian, spoken by Ruthenians (Rusyns)

Information Note: Rusyns (Rusnaks, Ruthene, Subcarpathian Rusyns, Lemko) are Ukrainians who, by accidents of history in the late Middle Ages, were absorbed into the territory of Lithuania, which in turn was united with Poland. There are ethnic minorities speaking the language in Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Czechia, Slovakia and Russia

Polish

Scope Note: Class here Lower Silesian, considered a dialect of Polish. For Upper Silesian / Upper Schlesisch, an East Middle German dialect see =112.24

Macedonian

Scope Note: Not to be confused with =293 Ancient Macedonian

⇨ =293 Ancient Macedonian

Indo-Iranian, Nuristani and dead Indo-European languages

⇨ =34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic)

Sanskrit

◇ =211`01          Vedic Sanskrit (ca. 1800-1000 BCE)

◇ =211`02          Classical Sanskrit (ca. 500 BCE – 1000 CE)

Romany / Gipsy / Gypsy

Information Note: Language spoken by Roma people / Gipsies / Gypsies

Ancient Macedonian

Scope Note: An extinct Paleo-Balkan language of the ancient Macedonians. Not to be confused with modern Macedonian, which is a South Slavic language

⇨ =163.3   Macedonian

Afro-Asiatic / Hamito-Semitic languages

Information Note: Hamito-Semitic is currently an outdated term

Biblical Hebrew / Classical Hebrew   Samarian Hebrew

Scope Note: Class here the language of the First Temple period (Judaean / Yehudit) used as literary language, especially for the Biblical texts but also for the later Haskalah (or Enlightenment) and Hassidic literature (XVIII century)

Lithurgical Hebrew

Scope Note: Class here Mizrahi Hebrew (Arabic pronunciation), Sephardi Hebrew (Judezmo or Ladino pronunciation) and Ashkenazi Hebrew (Yiddish pronunciation)

Modern Hebrew

Information Note: Standard Hebrew, as spoken in Israel, developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda. Also known as Israeli Hebrew or New Hebrew

Modern Hebrew

Information Note: Standard Hebrew, as spoken in Israel, developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda. Also known as Israeli Hebrew or New Hebrew

Nabataean Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Nabataean kingdom (Petra)

Galilean Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Talmud and the Targumim in their Galilean versions

Hasmonaean and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

Information Note: Language of the Talmud and the Targumim in their original and Babylonian versions

Mandaic

Information Note: Language of the Mandaean religion

Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`01              Old Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`04              Middle Syriac

◇ =411.172.3`06              Modern Syriac / ‘Assyrian’

Arabic

◇ =411.21`01     Pre-Classical Arabic / pre-Islamic Arabic

◇ =411.21`02     Classical Arabic

◇ =411.21`06     Modern Standard Arabic

Maghrebi Arabic   Algerian, Libyan, Moroccan, Tunisian, Saharan and Hassaniya Arabic

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Arabic-based pidgins

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Gurage languages   East Gurage (Silt’e and Zway / Zay); North Gurage (Soddo / Kistane); West Gurage (Masqan / Meskan, Inor / Ennemor, Muher and Chaha / Cheha)

Information Note: The group includes many languages, dialects and variants spoken by the Gurage people in Ethiopia

Tigrinya

Information Note: Tigrinya is one of the official (de facto) languages of Eritrea

Ge’ez

Information Note: Sometimes referred to as Ethiopic. Nowadays, Ge’ez is just used in the liturgy of Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches

Eastern South Semitic / Modern South Arabian languages   Jibbali / Shehri, Mehri / Mahri and Soqotri / Sokotri

Information Note: Eastern South Arabian languages (spoken in Yemen, Oman and the island of Socotra) also includes endangered Bathari, Harsusi and Hobyót languages

Archaic Egyptian. Old Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Early Dynastic Period before 2600 BCE and the language in use during the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2600-2000 BCE)

Information Note: This is the language of the “Pyramid Texts” and the tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom

Middle Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language known as Classical Egyptian in use during the Middle Kingdom, the Second Intermediate Period and the early New Kingdom to the end of Dynasty XVIII (ca. 2000-1300 BCE). Class here also the language known as Late Middle Egyptian, which coexisted with Late Egyptian for a millennium and was used for religious texts mainly up to the Greco-Roman period (ca. 300 BCE-200 CE)

Late Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the late New Kingdom (Ramesside period, Dynasty XIX-XX) and the Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1300-700 BCE)

Egyptian Demotic / Late Egyptian

Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Late Period, Achaemenid and Ptolemaic Egypt to the Roman period (ca. 700 BCE-400 CE)

Coptic / Egyptian Coptic

Scope Note: Class here the later stage of Ancient Egyptian language, in use from 400 to 1600 CE. Replaced by Arabic from 900 CE onward, today it survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox and Catholic Churches

Berber languages

Information Note: The name Tamazight is being increasingly used to refer to standard Berber or to Berber languages as a whole

Guanche

Scope Note: Class here all the dialects spoken by the first inhabitants of Canary Islands

Biu-Mandara languages / Central Chadic languages

Scope Note: For East Chadic languages, see =414.27

Mafa-Mofu languages   Giziga, Mada, Mafa, Matal, Mbuko, Mefele, Merey, Mofu, Muyang, Wuzlam and Zulgo-Gemzek

Scope Note: Mada in Mafa-Mofu languages should not be confused with Mada in =432.75 Plateau Benue-Congo languages (Nigeria)

Awngi

Information Note: Awngi has been erroneously called Awiya, an inappropriate ethnonym

Oromo / Afaan borana Oromo / Oromiffa / Oromiffaa

Information Note: Oromo was in the past referred to as “Galla”, an offensive term, no longer in use

Omo-Tana languages   Rendille, Baiso, Garre and Tunni

Scope Note: For Somali as a particular language, see =415.323.1

Information Note: Omo-Tana languages were also known as Somali languages

Songhai   Tadaksahak and Dendi dialects

Information Note: Songhai dialects are used as a lingua franca since the era of Songhay Empire in Mali, Niger and Benin

Kanuri   Kanembu

Information Note: Ensemble of dialects spoken by the Kanuri people, supposedly descendents of the Kanem-Bornu mediaeval Empire

Dazaga

Information Note: Closely related to Tedaga. Tedaga and Dazaga are known as Tebu / Tedu languages spoken by Teda and Daza peoples

Tedaga

Information Note: Closely related to Dazaga. Tedaga and Dazaga are known as Tebu / Tedu languages spoken by Teda and Daza peoples

Nobiin / Nubian / Mahas / Fadicca   Old Nubian

Information Note: Nobiin has a written history that can be traced back a millennium

Dinka

Information Note: A dialect-cluster formed by 4 main varieties

Datooga / Taturu / Mang’ati

Information Note: A cluster of dialects from Tanzania

Meroitic

Information Note: The classification of this extinct language is uncertain due to lack of data

Moru-Ma’di languages

Information Note: The name Ma’di is used by various peoples in the region

Sara languages

Information Note: A cluster of dialects and variants spoken in southern Chad. Sar / Madjingay is used as a lingua franca in Sar province

Berta

Kuliak languages   Ik / Teuso, Soo and Nyang’i