Theories, methodology and methods in social sciences in general. Sociography

Methods of the social sciences

303.01/.09

Special auxiliary subdivision for theory and methodology in social sciences

Theoretical aspects

303.02

General features of research

303.022

Qualitative

303.023

Quantitative. Degree of quantification

303.023.2

Categorial. Nominal

303.023.22

Dichotomous

303.023.23

Cardinal

303.023.3

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

303.024

Relations of quantities

Absolute quantitative values

303.024.3

Relative quantitative values. Proportions. Standardized values. Indices

303.025

Empirical

Nonempirical

Open. Overt. Undisguised

303.029

Covert. Disguised

303.03

Degree of complexity and direction of research of the method

303.031

Dimensionality

303.031.1

Unidimensional

303.031.12

Quasi-unidimensional

303.031.2

Bidimensional. Two-dimensional

303.031.3

Three-dimensional

303.031.4

Multidimensional

303.032

Variability

303.032.1

Univariate

303.032.2

Bivariate

303.032.4

Multivariate

303.035

Orientation

Direction of analysis

R-analysis type (oriented on variables)

Q-analysis type (oriented on units)

303.035.24

Three-mode. Three-way (simultaneous)

303.035.3

Direction of testing

303.035.31

One-sided. Unilateral. Asymmetric. One-tailed

303.035.32

Two-sided. Bilateral. Symmetric. Two-tailed

Multi-sided. Multilateral

Direction of factors

303.035.42

Orthogonal

303.035.43

Oblique

303.039

Kind of control of the variables under study

303.039.2

Partial (without indirect influences)

303.039.3

Multiple (with multiple influences)

303.039.4

Crossed. Multiway (with multiple effects)

303.039.5

Canonical

303.04

Kinds of investigation. Research strategies. Investigation design

303.42

Investigation methods

303.422

Biographies. Biograms

⇨ 303.686    Biographical methods. Oral history methods

⇨ 929            Biographical studies

303.423

Small-group research   Sociometric, genealogical investigations

303.424

Organizational research. Institutional research

303.425

Survey   Opinion polling. Market research

303.43

Research strategies

303.432

With regard to database   Primary, secondary investigations. Replication study

303.433

With regard to scope

303.433.2

Individual. Case study. Monographic study

303.433.3

Multi-case investigation

303.436

Origin of data

303.436.2

Archives. Libraries. Authorities

303.436.3

Field

303.436.4

Laboratory

303.44

Investigation design

303.442

Qualitative investigations

⇨ 303.022        Qualitative

303.442.2

Exploratory investigations

303.442.22

Descriptive investigations. Exploration of facts

⇨ 303.721      Descriptive analysis

⇨ 303.722      Dimensional analysis. Techniques of multivariate reduction

Field research. Analysis of social environment, milieu. ‘Natural sociology’

⇨ 303.433.2     Individual. Case study. Monographic study

⇨ 303.686      Biographical methods. Oral history methods

⇨ 316.277       Phenomenological trend. Gestalt-theoretical trend (Mauss, G. H. Mead)

303.442.3

Analytical investigations

⇨ 164       Logistic. Symbolic logic. Mathematical logic. Logical calculus

⇨ 303.725.2   Theoretical analysis of models

303.442.4

Interpretative methods. Hermeneutic approach. Reconstructive methods. Investigation of meaning

⇨ 316.257

Frankfurt School. Critical theory. Hermeneutic trend (Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse)

⇨ 316.277    Phenomenological trend. Gestalt-theoretical trend (Mauss, G. H. Mead)

⇨ 930.2      Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences

Attendant, concomitant research. Scientific advice

303.444

Prognostic investigations

Nomologic studies. Parameter estimation

303.446

Comparative investigations

303.446.2

Cultural comparison. Cross-sectional comparison   Intercultural comparison. Intracultural comparison

303.446.3

Time comparison   Panel study, analysis. Trend study. Time series study. Cohort study, analysis

303.446.4

Historical comparison. Historiography

Hypothesis-testing investigations

⇨ 303.714   Measures and procedures of statistical tests

303.447.2

Nonexperimental   Correlation studies

Experimental studies   Natural experiment. Artificial experiment. Projective experiment

Method testing investigations

⇨ 303.714   Measures and procedures of statistical tests

303.5

Selection. Sampling

◇ 303.5.01    Sampling theory

Fixing investigation population. Universe of investigation

303.52

Selection methods

303.522

Sample size

303.522.2

Total survey

303.522.3

Representative sample

303.522.4

Nonrepresentative sample

303.523

Sample collecting

Probability samples. Random samples

303.523.3

Conscious samples. Intentional samples

303.53

Sampling technique

Sampling framework. Sampling basis   List sampling. Area sampling. Random walk

Selection of the investigating unit. Survey unit

Projection methods

303.55

Estimation of sample error

Survey methods

Inquiry methods. Interview. Questionnaire

Kinds of inquiry

303.621.2

Degree of standardization

303.621.3

Form of inquiry

303.621.32

Oral interview   Personal interview. Telephone interview

303.621.33

303.621.34

Answer-sheet interview

303.621.35

Group interview. Group discussion methods

Special forms of questioning   In-depth interview. Motivation interview

303.622

Questionnaire design   Open questions. Options, multichoice questions

303.623

Interview strategy   Hard, soft interview

303.624

Interviewer

Interviewee

Interview context   Timing. Location

Recording, writing up of interview. Accessories at interview

Sociology of the interview

Observation methods

303.632

Kind of observation

303.632.2

Self-observation

303.632.3

Independent observation

303.632.4

Environmental observation

⇨ 303.688    Nonreactive methods. Unobtrusive measures

303.633

Observers   Selection. Training

303.634

Observation scheme

Recording the observation   Observation report. Technical accessories

Content analysis

Kinds of content analysis

Medium of content analysis

303.643.2

Kind of medium   Written material. Audio material. Visual material

303.643.3

Form of medium

◇ 303.643.3:070       Newspapers as a medium

◇ 303.643.3(044.4)   Business letters, office correspondence as a medium

Unit of analysis

303.645

Content analysis methods

◇ 303.645.063  Computerized content analysis

Special survey methods

303.682

Sociometry

303.683

Genealogical, ethnogenealogical methods

303.684

Elite-identifying techniques

303.685

Time-budget techniques

303.686

Biographical methods. Oral history methods

⇨ 303.422       Biographies. Biograms

⇨ 303.621.3    Form of inquiry

⇨ 929              Biographical studies

⇨ 930              Science of history. Historiography

303.687

Projective methods and techniques   Word association. Rorschach

303.688

Nonreactive methods. Unobtrusive measures

Analysis procedures

◇ 303.7.032.1   Univariate

◇ 303.7.032.2   Bivariate

◇ 303.7.032.4   Multivariate

303.71

Statistical measures. Test statistics. Representation of analysis outcome

Matrix of the raw data. Frequency distribution. Tables

303.712

Descriptive statistical measures. E.g. distribution measures, measures of association

⇨ 303.721     Descriptive analysis

Measures and procedures of statistical tests

⇨ 303.214     Measuring criteria

⇨ 303.447     Hypothesis-testing investigations

Description or picture of the degree of equality. Representation of equations

Graphic pictures and solutions

303.717

Algorithms and programs

303.72

Kinds of analysis

Descriptive analysis   Tabular analysis

303.722

Dimensional analysis. Techniques of multivariate reduction

Factor analysis

303.722.3

Multidimensional scaling. Smallest space analysis

303.722.4

Cluster analysis. Numerical taxonomy

303.722.8

Pattern recognition

Correlation analysis

◇ 303.723.032.2         Bivariate (simple)

◇ 303.723.039.2         Partial

◇ 303.723.039.3         Multiple

◇ 303.723.039.5        Canonical

303.724

Causal analysis   Variance analysis. Regression methods, path analysis

303.725

Model analysis

Theoretical analysis of models

Empirical analysis of models

303.725.33

Application of methods of building and solving econometric models

303.725.34

Application of input-output analysis

◇ 303.725.34(083.41)    Input-output tables

⇨ 330.44      Input-output analysis in economics. Input-output models

303.725.35

Application of operations research methods

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 519.8

⇨ 519.8      Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods

Application of system theory, control theory and cybernetics

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 519.71

⇨ 519.71      Control systems theory: mathematical aspects

Application of information theory

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 519.72

⇨ 519.72      Information theory: mathematical aspects

Impact analysis and application of simulation

⇨ 303.733.4     Heuristic prognostic analysis. Planning games. Delphi method

303.73

Levels of analysis

303.732

System levels

Individual data analysis. Aggregate data analysis

303.732.3

Multilevel analysis. Context analysis. Relation analysis

303.732.4

System analysis

303.733

Time level

303.733.2

Cross-sectional analysis

303.733.3

Longitudinal analysis. Time series analysis. Dynamic analysis   Trend analysis. Markov chain analysis. Stochastic processes. Autoregressive models. Distributed lag models. Spectral analysis

⇨ 303.446.3     Time comparison

303.733.4

Heuristic prognostic analysis. Planning games. Delphi method

⇨ 303.725.38     Impact analysis and application of simulation

303.8

Research organization. Research procedure

⇨ 001.891       Scientific research

303.82

Research organization

◇ 303.82-057.177     Directors

◇ 303.82-057.4        Researchers

◇ 303.82-057.54      Consultants

Organization of investigation

◇ 303.823-057.17      Managers, administrators of investigation

Research planning

303.823.4

Division of work   Individual research. Teamwork. Cooperation with external bodies

303.824

Research report

303.83

Research procedure

303.832

Hypotheses

303.832.2

303.832.3

Evaluation of thesis

Carrying out of investigation

Operationalizing

⇨ 303.211      Operational definition. Indicators

303.833.3

Survey

303.833.4

Processing. Coding

303.833.5

Analysis. Interpretation

303.833.6

Scientific discussion and criticism

303.833.7

Phases of the investigation

Error control. Error checking

Social questions. Social practice. Cultural practice. Way of life (Lebensweise)

Scope Note: For special questions use the relevant classes, e.g. 001.18, 308, 316, 33, 36

304.2

Social and cultural questions       

Way of life

Scope Note: Use this class when all societal, social and cultural aspects of human activity in all fields of social and personal life are referred to. For way of life in the meaning of (outward) style of life, see 316.728

304.35

Wellbeing. Wellness as a lifestyle   Wellness achieved through simple living, minimalism, slow living

Scope Note: Class here wellbeing in a general socio-cultural sense. Class here way of life striving towards a state of being comfortable, healthy, fulfilled or happy

Application Note: Details on philosophical, psychological or medical aspects of wellness by colon combination

Information Note: In Eastern European countries wellbeing may be referred to as “valeology” (science of healthy living)

◇ 304.35(485)   Lagon. Swedish concept of wellbeing: life balance, moderation

◇ 304.35(489)   Hygge. Danish concept of wellbeing: cosiness, contentment, comfortable living

◇ 304.35(520)   Ikigai. Japanese concept of wellbeing: raison d’être, life value, mindfulness

⇨ 159.9.016.1     Body and soul. Body and mind

⇨ 159.938.363.6  Health

⇨ 17.022.1     Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards

⇨ 17.023.34   Pleasure. Happiness. Diminution of suffering

⇨ 17.036.1    Subjective purposes

⇨ 316.728     Style of life. Sociology of everyday life

304.4

General aspects of social and cultural policy and practice

Theories regarding social and cultural policy

Application of social science knowledge. Social practice. Cultural practice

⇨ 316.42  Social change in global societies. Social development. Sociology of development

⇨ 36    Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life

304.442

Social planning. Cultural planning

304.444

Possibilities for the conscious changing of the social and cultural realities. Social and cultural feasibility (Machbarkeit). Social and cultural desirability

Social science aspects of development in societies and between societies

Scope Note: For special questions use the relevant classes, e.g.316.43, 339.96

304.9

Critique and projection of the situation in society. Plans for the improvement of society. Social utopias

Gender studies   Sex role. Gender. Persons from an interdisciplinary viewpoint

Scope Note: Class here comprehensive works. Works dealing with a specific subject, e.g. Education, should be classed with the subject

◇ 305-055.1      Men’s studies

◇ 305-055.2     Women’s studies. Women and society

⇨ 347.156     Gender

305.5

Gender reassignment

⇨ 616-089.844    Autoplasty. Plastic surgery. Reconstruction. Organoplasty

308

Sociography. Descriptive studies of society (both qualitative and quantitative)

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and time (Table 1g)

◇ 308(430)”17″                The social situation of Germany in the 18th century

⇨ 338   Economic situation. Economic policy. Management of the economy. Economic planning. Production. Services. Prices