| =… | Table 1c – Common auxiliaries of language Scope Note: The common auxiliaries of language denote the language or linguistic form of a document whose subject is denoted by a main UDC number. Table 1c is the main place in the UDC tables for enumeration of languages, and serves as the source for the subdivision of class 811 Languages (as subjects of study), class 821 Literatures of individual languages, and (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of ethnic grouping Application Note: Although in theory the language of any document or item of information may be denoted, in practice it is useful only when there is a need to distinguish between those in different languages, e.g. to enable retrieval according to language or to provide a satisfactory filing order. In citation order, the language auxiliary normally comes last; it may, however, be cited medially or even first in a compound number if there is a need to file documents in order of language rather than subject. If necessary, it is separated from the following number by a colon (as in the second example below). Multilingual documents may be denoted by =00 or by the auxiliaries of the individual languages in ascending numeric order ◇ =111(02.053.2)53 English language works – children’s books – physics (arrangement by language) ◇ (02.053.2)=111:53 Children’s books – in English – physics (arrangement by form) ◇ 53(035)=00 Multilingual handbook of physics ◇ 53(035)=111=112.2=133.1 Handbook of physics in English, French and German ◇ 663.4(493)(075)=112.5 Brewing industry in Belgium – textbook – in Flemish (arrangement by subject) ⇨ (=…) Table 1f – Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality ⇨ 811 Languages ⇨ 821 Literatures of individual languages and language families |
| =… 2 | General features of languages |
| =… 23 | Living languages |
| =… 24 | Dead, extinct languages |
| =… 25 | Spoken languages. Languages without extant literature |
| =… 26 | Written languages. Literary languages |
| =…`01/`08 | Special auxiliary subdivision for origins, periods and phases of development Application Note: Special auxiliaries `01/`08 are also applicable in classes 81 and 82 |
| =…`01 | Archaic period. Old and early period. Earliest forms |
| =…`02 | Classical period |
| =…`04 | Middle period |
| =…`06 | Modern period |
| =…`08 | Revival period |
| =…`276/`282 | Special auxiliary subdivision for language usage, dialects and variants Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h) ◇ =111`282(73) American-English, variant of English spoken in the USA ⇨ 81`27 Sociolinguistics. Usage of language ⇨ 81`28 Dialectology. Geographical linguistics. Areal linguistics |
| =…`276 | Social dialects. Vocational slangs. Special vernacular forms Idioms, jargons, etc. associated with particular social strata or user groups Application Note: Details on social dialects, jargons, etc. by colon combination with respective main classes and common auxiliaries for persons (Table 1k, -05) |
| =…`276.1 | Language or idiom of particular social classes. Sociolects |
| =…`276.11 | Language or idiom of the upper strata. Cultured, educated parlance |
| =…`276.12 | Language or idiom of the lower strata. Common, popular, familiar parlance |
| =…`276.16 | Polite, refined language of caste, court or other hierarchy |
| =…`276.2 | Vulgar parlance. Slang in general |
| =…`276.3 | Language or idiom of a particular age group or sex Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of persons (Table 1k, -05) ◇ =111`276.3-053.6 English teenage language, idiom or slang ◇ =131.1(450.82)`276.3-055.1 Italian Sicilian male parlance or idiom ◇ =133.1`276.3-053.2 French infant or child talk. Mothers’ or nurses’ baby talk prattle ◇ =162.1`276.3-053.5 Language of Polish schoolchildren |
| =…`276.4 | Secret language, jargon or cant Thieves’ cant or slang. ‘Argot’, ‘Rotwelsch’, etc. |
| =…`276.5 | Occupational slangs ◇ =111`276.5:355.11 Soldiers’ slang ◇ =111`276.5:378-051 English students’ slang |
| =…`276.6 | Professional and technical language or parlance. Technolects ◇ =111`276.6:62 English technological and engineering language ◇ =133.1`276.6:34 French legal language ◇ =161.1`276.6:355 Russian military language |
| =…`282 | Dialects. Local and regional language. Variants and vernaculars |
| =…`282.2 | Local (district) dialects |
| =…`282.3 | Regional, provincial dialects ◇ =134.2`282.3(460.35) Andalusian dialect of Spanish |
| =…`282.4 | National variants or dialects of a language outside the country of origin ◇ =111`282.4(94) English as spoken in Australia. Australian variant of English ◇ =133.1`282.4(71) French as spoken in Canada ◇ =134.3`282.4(81) Portuguese as spoken in Brazil |
| =…`282.8 | Contact languages. Pidgins and creoles Scope Note: Use this number in combination with specific language family or with the main class 81 to denote general information about contact languages (stratum), mixed languages, pidgins, lingua francas, creoles and phenomenon of creolization. Some individual, named contact languages can be found in the subdivisions of =1/=8 (Table 1c) ⇨ 81 Linguistics and languages ⇨ =111.8 English-based pidgins and creoles ⇨ =112.58 Dutch-based pidgins and creoles ⇨ =133.18 French-based pidgins and creoles ⇨ =134.38 Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles ⇨ =411.218 Arabic-based pidgins |
| =00 | Multilingual. Polyglot ⇨ 81`246.3 Multilingualism (plurilingualism) in general. Trilingualism in particular |
| =02 | Originals or their adaptations (untranslated) |
| =021 | Original versions (unadapted, unedited) |
| =025 | Adapted, edited, amended versions ⇨ (0.046) Revised editions. New editions ⇨ (0.074) Amendments. Addenda. Postscripts |
| =030 | Translated documents. Translations =030.1/.9 ≅ =1/=9 Application Note: Details on source language by =030.1/.9 and the target language directly by =1/=9 ◇ 61=030.161.1 Medical documents translated from Russian ◇ 61=030.161.1=133.1 Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical translations from Russian) ◇ 61=133.1=030.161.1 Medical documents translated from Russian into French (filed near other medical documents in French) ⇨ 81`25 Theory of translation ⇨ 81`322 Computational linguistics |
| =1/=9 | Languages (natural and artificial) |
| =1/=8 | Natural languages |
| =1/=2 | Indo-European languages ⇨ =34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic) |
| =1 | Indo-European languages of Europe Scope Note: Not including certain dead Indo-European languages ⇨ =29 Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere) |
| =11 | Germanic languages ◇ =11`01 Proto-Germanic language. Common Germanic |
| =111/=112 | West Germanic languages |
| =111 | English ◇ =111`01 Old English / Anglo-Saxon (5th-12th century) ◇ =111`04 Middle English (12th-15th century) ◇ =111`06 Modern English (from 16th century) |
| =111.8 | English-based pidgins and creoles Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h) |
| =112 | West Germanic languages (other than English) |
| =112.2 | German (High German, Standard written German) ◇ =112.2`01 Old High German (Althochdeutsch) (ca. 8th-11th century) ◇ =112.2`04 Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) (ca. 11th-14th century) ◇ =112.2`06″13/16″ Early New High German (ca. 14th-17th century) |
| =112.22 | Upper German dialect group Alemannic, Bavarian and High Franconian dialects |
| =112.24 | Central German / Middle German (Mitteldeutsch) dialect group |
| =112.28 | Yiddish (Judeo-German) |
| =112.3 | Low German (in a broader sense) ◇ =112.3`01 Old Low German / Old Saxon (ca. 8th-14th century) ◇ =112.3`04 Middle Low German / Middle Saxon (ca. 12th-17th century) |
| =112.35 | Low German / Low Saxon (in the strict sense) West Low German and East Low German dialects Information Note: Known as Plattdeutsch / Niederdeutsch / Niedersächsisch in Germany and Nederduits in the Netherlands |
| =112.4 | Frisian languages ◇ =112.4`01 Old Frisian (8th-16th century) ◇ =112.4`04 Middle Frisian (16th-19th century) |
| =112.45 | West Frisian / Frisian ◇ =112.45`06 Modern West Frisian (from 19th century) |
| =112.46 | East Frisian. Saterland Frisian / Saterlandic |
| =112.47 | North Frisian |
| =112.5 | Dutch (Flemish in Belgium and north-eastern France) |
| =112.58 | Dutch-based pidgins and creoles Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h) |
| =112.6 | Afrikaans |
| =113 | North Germanic (Nordic) languages |
| =113.1 | Old Norse Application Note: If preferred, Old Norse may be classed at =113`01 |
| =113.2 | Faeroese |
| =113.3 | Icelandic |
| =113.4 | Danish |
| =113.5 | Norwegian |
| =113.52 | Bokmål. Riksmål |
| =113.53 | Landsmål. Nynorsk |
| =113.55 | Samnorsk |
| =113.6 | Swedish |
| =114 | East Germanic languages |
| =114.1 | Burgundian |
| =114.2 | Ostrogothic |
| =114.3 | Visigothic |
| =12 | Italic languages |
| =122 | Umbro-Sabellian (Osco-Umbrian) languages |
| =122.1 | Oscan |
| =122.2 | Sabellic |
| =122.3 | Umbrian |
| =122.4 | Volscian |
| =122.9 | Other Umbro-Sabellian languages |
| =123 | Faliscan |
| =124 | Latin |
| =124.1 | Archaic Latin / Early Latin / Old Latin Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Roman monarchy and the Republic (before 75 BCE) |
| =124.2 | Classical Latin Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Golden and Silver Ages of Latin literature (ca. 100 BCE-200 CE) |
| =124.3 | Vulgar Latin Scope Note: Class here the vernacular dialects and variants of Latin spoken from earliest times in Italy that evolved into the early Romance languages in ca. 900 CE |
| =124.4 | Mediaeval Latin / Late Latin. Ecclesiastic or Church Latin Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Late Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire (ca. 200-900 CE) and also the literary and administrative Latin used during the Middle Ages |
| =124.6 | Modern Latin Renaissance Latin, New Latin / Neo-Latin, Contemporary Latin Scope Note: Class here the language in use since 1500 CE, including Latin used for scientific nomenclature, modern ecclesiastical Latin and Spoken Latin |
| =13 | Romance languages |
| =130/=134 | Italo-Western Romance languages |
| =130 | Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages |
| =130.2 | Mozarabic |
| =130.4 | Aragonese |
| =131 | Italo-Romance languages. Southern Romance languages. Gallo-Italian languages |
| =131.1 | Italian |
| =131.3 | Napoletano-Calabrese languages Napoletan / Neapoletan, Lucanian, Calabrese, Pugliese |
| =131.4 | Sicilian |
| =131.6/.7 | Southern Romance languages |
| =131.6 | Sardinian |
| =131.7 | Corsican |
| =131.8 | Italkian / Judeo-Italian |
| =131.9 | Gallo-Italian languages |
| =131.92 | Emiliano-Romagnolo |
| =131.94 | Lombard |
| =131.96 | Piedmontese |
| =131.98 | Ligurian |
| =131.99 | Venetian Information Note: The placement of Venetian in Gallo-Italian languages is disputed |
| =132/=134 | Western romance languages. Gallo-Iberian languages |
| =132/=133 | Gallo-Romance. Gallo-Rhaetian |
| =132 | Rheto-Romance / Rhaetian languages |
| =132.1 | Friulian |
| =132.2 | Ladin |
| =132.3 | Romansh / Romansch / Rumantsch |
| =133 | Oïl / Oil languages |
| =133.1 | French ◇ =133.1(71) French spoken in Canada ◇ =133.1`01 Old French (ancien français) (ca. 700-1300 CE) ◇ =133.1`04 Middle French (ca. 1300-1600 CE) |
| =133.15 | Anglo-Norman French |
| =133.18 | French-based pidgins and creoles |
| =133.2 | Franco-Provençal / Arpitan / Romand Scope Note: Not to be confused with =134.92 Occitan-Provencal (an Ibero-Romance language) |
| =133.4 | Picard |
| =133.5 | Walloon |
| =134 | Ibero-Romance languages |
| =134.1 | Catalan ◇ =134.1(450.88) Algherese – Catalan spoken in Sardinia ◇ =134.1(460.31) Valencian / Valenciano – Catalan spoken in Valencia ◇ =134.1(460.32) Balearic – Catalan spoken in Balearic Islands |
| =134.2 | Spanish / Castilian ◇ =134.2`01 Old Spanish / Castillian (to 15th century) ◇ =134.2`02 Classical Spanish (16th-17th century) ◇ =134.2`06 Modern Spanish (from 18th century) |
| =134.28 | Judezmo / Judeo-Spanish / Ladino |
| =134.3 | Portuguese ◇ =134.3`282.4(673) Portuguese as spoken in Angola ◇ =134.3`282.4(81) Portuguese as spoken in Brazil. Brazilian variant of Portuguese |
| =134.38 | Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles ◇ =134.38(665.7) Guinea-Bissau Creole / Kriol ◇ =134.38(671.83) Annobonese Creole / Fa d’Ambu (Equatorial Guinea) ◇ =134.38(729.885) Papiamento spoken in Aruba |
| =134.4 | Galician / Gallegan |
| =134.5 | Fala |
| =134.6 | Asturo-Leonese languages |
| =134.62 | Asturian |
| =134.64 | Mirandese |
| =134.9 | Oc languages / Occitano-Romance languages |
| =134.92 | Occitan / Provençal (dialect continuum) Auvergnat, Gascon (Aranese, Bearnese), Languedocien / Lengadocian, Limousin |
| =134.94 | Shuadit / Judeo- Provençal |
| =135 | Balkan Romance languages / Eastern Romance languages |
| =135.1 | Romanian / Daco-Romanian |
| =135.3 | Aromanian / Macedo-Romanian |
| =135.4 | Megleno-Romanian |
| =135.6 | Istro-Romanian |
| =135.8 | Dalmatian (extinct) Vegliotic, Ragusian, Jadertianian and Labeatic Information Note: Dalmatian can also be classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Istriotic). It is disputed whether it was a single language or series of related languages |
| =135.9 | Istriotic Information Note: Istriotic can be also classed under Italo-Romance languages. It is placed here because of its similarities with other Romance languages of Croatia (Istro-Romanian and Dalmatian) |
| =138 | Mediterranean Lingua Franca / Sabir |
| =14 | Greek |
| =140 | Mycenaean Greek / Achaean Greek Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Mycenaean period (ca. 1400-1100 BCE) |
| =143 | Ancient Greek / Classical Greek Aeolic, Ionic (Attic) and Doric dialects Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Archaic (ca. 800-500 BCE) and Classical (ca. 400-300 BCE) periods of the ancient Greek civilization |
| =144 | Koine / Hellenistic Greek Scope Note: Class here the language in use during the Hellenistic and Roman periods of the ancient Greek civilization (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE) Information Note: Also known as Common Greek, New Testament Greek, Biblical Greek, Alexandrian dialect and Post-Classical Greek |
| =145 | Byzantine Greek / Mediaeval Greek Scope Note: Class here the language in use in the Byzantine Empire (ca. 300-1453 CE) |
| =146 | Modern Greek Scope Note: Class here the Greek in use since 15th century. Class here Dimotiki (Demotic Greek), Katharevousa and standard modern Greek (the official language of Greece and Cyprus) |
| =148 | Yevanic (Judeo-Greek) |
| =15 | Celtic languages |
| =151.1 | Gaulish |
| =152 | Goidelic group |
| =152.1 | Irish |
| =152.2 | Scots Gaelic |
| =152.3 | Manx |
| =152.9 | Other Goidelic languages |
| =153 | Brythonic group |
| =153.1 | Welsh |
| =153.2 | Breton |
| =153.3 | Cornish |
| =153.9 | Other Brythonic languages |
| =16 | Slavic / Slavonic languages |
| =161 | East Slavic / Slavonic languages |
| =161.1 | Russian |
| =161.2 | Ukrainian |
| =161.25 | Rusyn / Rusin / Carpathian-Rusyn / Carpatho-Rusyn Scope Note: Rusyn is a Carpathian dialect of Ukrainian, spoken by Ruthenians (Rusyns) Information Note: Rusyns (Rusnaks, Ruthene, Subcarpathian Rusyns, Lemko) are Ukrainians who, by accidents of history in the late Middle Ages, were absorbed into the territory of Lithuania, which in turn was united with Poland. There are ethnic minorities speaking the language in Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Czechia, Slovakia and Russia |
| =161.3 | Belarusian |
| =162 | West Slavic / Slavonic languages |
| =162.1/.2 | Lekhitic / Lechitic languages |
| =162.1 | Polish Scope Note: Class here Lower Silesian, considered a dialect of Polish. For Upper Silesian / Upper Schlesisch, an East Middle German dialect see =112.24 |
| =162.2 | Pomeranian languages Kashubian / Pomeranian, Slovencian (extinct), Polabian (extinct) |
| =162.3 | Czech |
| =162.4 | Slovak |
| =162.5 | Sorbian (Lusatian, Wendish) |
| =162.52 | Upper Sorbian |
| =162.54 | Lower Sorbian |
| =163 | South Slavic / Slavonic languages |
| =163.1 Old | Church Slavic / Slavonic |
| =163.2 | Bulgarian |
| =163.3 | Macedonian Scope Note: Not to be confused with =293 Ancient Macedonian ⇨ =293 Ancient Macedonian |
| =163.4 | Serbian and Croatian Bosnian, variant spoken in Bosnia-Herzegovina |
| =163.41 | Serbian |
| =163.42 | Croatian |
| =163.6 | Slovenian / Slovene |
| =17 | Baltic languages |
| =171 | Old Prussian |
| =172 | Lithuanian |
| =173 | Kursh (Curonian) |
| =174 | Latvian (Lettish) |
| =18 | Albanian |
| =19 | Armenian |
| =2 | Indo-Iranian, Nuristani and dead Indo-European languages ⇨ =34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic) |
| =21/=22 | Indo-Iranian languages |
| =21 | Indic languages |
| =211 | Sanskrit ◇ =211`01 Vedic Sanskrit (ca. 1800-1000 BCE) ◇ =211`02 Classical Sanskrit (ca. 500 BCE – 1000 CE) |
| =212 | Pali |
| =213 | Prakrit |
| =213.1 | Ardhamagadhi |
| =213.2 | Avanti |
| =213.3 | Maharashtri |
| =213.4 | Magadhi |
| =213.5 | Sauraseni |
| =214 | Modern Indic languages |
| =214.1 | Dardic group of Indic languages |
| =214.11 | Chitral |
| =214.12 | Kashmiri |
| =214.13 | Kohistani |
| =214.14 | Kunar |
| =214.15 | Pashai |
| =214.16 | Sina |
| =214.2 | Central group of Indic languages |
| =214.21/.22 | Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu complex) |
| =214.21 | Hindi |
| =214.22 | Urdu |
| =214.23 | Banjuri |
| =214.24 | Bhili |
| =214.25 | Gujarati |
| =214.26 | Khandesi |
| =214.27 | Punjabi (Panjabi) |
| =214.28 | Rajasthani |
| =214.281 | Marwari (Merwari) |
| =214.3 | Eastern group of Indic languages |
| =214.31 | Assamese |
| =214.32 | Bengali (Bangla) |
| =214.33 | Bihari languages |
| =214.331 | Bhojpuri |
| =214.332 | Magahi |
| =214.333 | Maithili |
| =214.34 | Khosali (East Hindi) |
| =214.341 | Awadhi |
| =214.342 | Chhattisgarhi |
| =214.35 | Marathi |
| =214.351 | Konkani (Gomantaki) |
| =214.36 | Odia / Oriya |
| =214.4 | Northern group of Indic languages |
| =214.41 | Garhwali |