| 11 | Metaphysics |
| 111 | General metaphysics. Ontology |
| 111.1 | Concept of being, of primary substance (tode ti). Ontology |
| 111.11 | Existence, thereness. Difference in essence |
| 111.12 | Essential being. Essence. Quiddity |
| 111.125 | Possibility Inner possibility. Divine essence and possibility |
| 111.3 | Substance (ousia). Monad |
| 111.31 | Difference between substance and accidence. Appearance |
| 111.32 | Primary substance, individual substance (protè ousia). Subsistence (substant being). Hypostasis. Person |
| 111.33 | Secondary substance, abstract essence (deutera ousia) |
| 111.4 | Accidence. Qualities |
| 111.5 | Relations. Relativistic theories |
| 111.6 | Acts. Activities |
| 111.61 | Being in potentiality. Being in act |
| 111.62 | Motion. Change. Development |
| 111.7 | Created and uncreated being. Immateriality. Pure mind and spirit |
| 111.8 | Transcendental properties of being |
| 111.81 | Distinction between being and its transcendental properties |
| 111.82 | Unity. Non-being, nonexistence. Plurality. Unity and indivisibility of being |
| 111.821 | Real and logical differentiation Singularity. Identity. Unity of composition, simplicity. Metaphysical composition. Plurality, unlimited number, possibility of an infinite multitude |
| 111.83 | Truth. Falsity |
| 111.84 | Goodness. Benignity. Evil |
| 111.85 | Beauty. Ugliness |
| 111.852 | Aesthetics (objective and subjective) |
| 113/119 | Cosmology. Philosophy of nature ⇨ 524.8 The Universe. Metagalaxy. Cosmology ⇨ 53.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for physics |
| 113 | General laws of nature Transformation and transience of matter |
| 113.2 | Origin of the universe. Creation. Cosmogony Scope Note: Class here also theories such as creationism, intelligent design ⇨ 2-143 Activities of God(s). Works of God(s) ⇨ 2-145.2 Creator god. Demi-urge. Designer God. Deism ⇨ 2-172.2 Origins. Cosmogony. Creation of the world ⇨ 2-175 Eschatology. End of the world. Last things ⇨ 27-143 Works of God in Christianity |
| 114 | Space. Place, internal and external. Dimension. Empty, void; full, plenum. Infinite space. Singularity and plurality. Extension |
| 115 | Time. Duration. Component of temporal duration. Eternity. World created ab aeterno. Relation of time to motion |
| 115.4 | The space-time continuum. Unity of space and time ⇨ (15) The universe, celestial or cosmic space generally. In space. Cosmic. Extraterrestrial localities ⇨ 531.111.4 Continuum of space and time |
| 116 | Motion. Development. Mobility. Transient and immanent effect. Remote action. Becoming, change, transition |
| 117 | Matter. Transmutation of matter. Primary matter (first principle). Substantial form. Material cause. Formal cause |
| 118 | Force. Energy. Determination of accidences of inorganic substances ⇨ 531.6 Mechanical energy. Conservation of mechanical energy ⇨ 536.7 Thermodynamics. Energetics |
| 119 | Quantity. Number. Constant quantity of coexistence and succession. Distinction from substance 121 Philosophical anthropology. Philosophy of humankind. Phenomenology of human person ⇨ 2-18 Man. Mankind. Humanity. Doctrinal anthropology ⇨ 39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life |
| 11 | Metaphysics |
| 111 | General metaphysics. Ontology |
| 111.1 | Concept of being, of primary substance (tode ti). Ontology |
| 111.11 | Existence, thereness. Difference in essence |
| 111.12 | Essential being. Essence. Quiddity |
| 111.125 | Possibility Inner possibility. Divine essence and possibility |
| 111.3 | Substance (ousia). Monad |
| 111.31 | Difference between substance and accidence. Appearance |
| 111.32 | Primary substance, individual substance (protè ousia). Subsistence (substant being). Hypostasis. Person |
| 111.33 | Secondary substance, abstract essence (deutera ousia) |
| 111.4 | Accidence. Qualities |
| 111.5 | Relations. Relativistic theories |
| 111.6 | Acts. Activities |
| 111.61 | Being in potentiality. Being in act |
| 111.62 | Motion. Change. Development |
| 111.7 | Created and uncreated being. Immateriality. Pure mind and spirit |
| 111.8 | Transcendental properties of being |
| 111.81 | Distinction between being and its transcendental properties |
| 111.82 | Unity. Non-being, nonexistence. Plurality. Unity and indivisibility of being |
| 111.821 | Real and logical differentiation Singularity. Identity. Unity of composition, simplicity. Metaphysical composition. Plurality, unlimited number, possibility of an infinite multitude |
| 111.83 | Truth. Falsity |
| 111.84 | Goodness. Benignity. Evil |
| 111.85 | Beauty. Ugliness |
| 111.852 | Aesthetics (objective and subjective) |
| 113/119 | Cosmology. Philosophy of nature ⇨ 524.8 The Universe. Metagalaxy. Cosmology ⇨ 53.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for physics |
| 113 | General laws of nature Transformation and transience of matter |
| 113.2 | Origin of the universe. Creation. Cosmogony Scope Note: Class here also theories such as creationism, intelligent design ⇨ 2-143 Activities of God(s). Works of God(s) ⇨ 2-145.2 Creator god. Demi-urge. Designer God. Deism ⇨ 2-172.2 Origins. Cosmogony. Creation of the world ⇨ 2-175 Eschatology. End of the world. Last things ⇨ 27-143 Works of God in Christianity |
| 114 | Space. Place, internal and external. Dimension. Empty, void; full, plenum. Infinite space. Singularity and plurality. Extension |
| 115 | Time. Duration. Component of temporal duration. Eternity. World created ab aeterno. Relation of time to motion |
| 115.4 | The space-time continuum. Unity of space and time ⇨ (15) The universe, celestial or cosmic space generally. In space. Cosmic. Extraterrestrial localities ⇨ 531.111.4 Continuum of space and time |
| 116 | Motion. Development. Mobility. Transient and immanent effect. Remote action. Becoming, change, transition |
| 117 | Matter. Transmutation of matter. Primary matter (first principle). Substantial form. Material cause. Formal cause |
| 118 | Force. Energy. Determination of accidences of inorganic substances ⇨ 531.6 Mechanical energy. Conservation of mechanical energy ⇨ 536.7 Thermodynamics. Energetics |
| 119 | Quantity. Number. Constant quantity of coexistence and succession. Distinction from substance 121 Philosophical anthropology. Philosophy of humankind. Phenomenology of human person ⇨ 2-18 Man. Mankind. Humanity. Doctrinal anthropology ⇨ 39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life |
| 121 | Philosophical anthropology. Philosophy of humankind. Phenomenology of human person ⇨ 2-18 Man. Mankind. Humanity. Doctrinal anthropology ⇨ 39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life |
| 122/129 | Special metaphysics |
| 122 | Causality. Causation. Principles. Causa efficiens. Condition. Effect. Occasion |
| 123 | Freedom and necessity ⇨ 2-145.3 Preserver god. Theism. Providence. Safekeeping and governance of the world ⇨ 27-423.4 Free will. Freedom to act |
| 123.1 | Freedom. Indeterminism |
| 123.11 | Chance |
| 123.2 | Necessity |
| 123.21 | Fatalism |
| 124 | Teleology ⇨ 2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion |
| 124.1 | Order. Chaos |
| 124.2 | Meaning. Meaningfulness |
| 124.3 | Purpose. Purposefulness Expediency. Nonexpediency. Dysteleology. Final cause. Entelechy |
| 124.4 | Causa exemplaris. Creative idea. Type. Ideal |
| 124.5 | Value. Norm |
| 124.6 | Determination. Destiny |
| 125 | Finiteness, finity. Infiniteness, infinity. The infinite and boundless. Universe ⇨ 2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion |
| 128 | The soul. Nature of life and death |
| 129 | Origin and destiny of the individual soul Transmigration of souls. Metempsychosis. Incarnation. Reincarnation. Immortality |
| 13 | Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life |
| 130.1 | General concepts and laws |
| 130.11 | Nature of mind and spirit |
| 130.12 | Coherence, continuity and laws of spiritual life |
| 130.121 | Phenomenology and morphology of mind and spirit |
| 130.122 | Experience and understanding of the spiritual |
| 130.123 | Laws of spiritual life |
| 130.123.1 | Intensification of contradictions. Laws of intensification by contrast. Dialectics, real dialectics |
| 130.123.2 | Heterogeneity of goals. Goal displacement |
130.123.3 | Creative synthesis |
| 130.123.4 | Growth of spiritual values |
| 130.2 | Philosophy of culture. Cultural systems. Theory of cultural complexes |
| 130.3 | Metaphysics of spiritual life |
| 130.31 | The individual mind or spirit |
| 130.32 | The objective spirit (Hegel, Simmel, Sombart) |
| 130.33 | The collective spirit. The cosmic spirit. Der Weltgeist (spirit of the universe) |
| 133 | The paranormal. The occult. Psi phenomena ⇨ 001.94 Reported phenomena not yet fully explained ⇨ 398.4 The supernatural |
| 133.1 | Concept and nature of the occult |
| 133.2 | Supersensory, supernatural experience. Initiation. Spiritual training. Path of knowledge ⇨ 2-136 Manifestation of the supernatural ⇨ 2-312.6 Initiation. Conversion. Enlightenment ⇨ 2-558.2 Initiation ⇨ 398.4 The supernatural |
| 133.3 | Occult perception. Precognition Clairvoyance. Clairaudience. Soothsaying ⇨ 159.961.6 Telepathy (mindreading), clairvoyance, clairaudience as psychic phenomena ⇨ 2-544.8 Knowledge of events. Divination. Augury. Soothsaying. Oracles |
| 133.4 | Occult influence Magic. Sorcery. Enchantment. Spells. Thaumaturgy. Theurgy ⇨ 2-545 Control of events. Magic ⇨ 398.47 Witches. Witchcraft. Sorcery |
| 133.5 | Special occult sciences ◇ 133.5:54 Alchemy |
| 133.52 | Astrology ⇨ 52 Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy |
| 133.521 | Theoretical astrology Critique. Methods. Schools |
| 133.522 | Elements of astrology |
| 133.522.1 | Principles and survey of astrological tradition. Abbreviations. Symbols. Signs |
| 133.522.2 | The zodiac |
| 133.522.3 | The planets |
| 133.522.4 | Fixed stars. Other astral factors |
| 133.522.5 | Sublunary factors in general Geocentrism. Heliocentrism |
| 133.522.6 | Houses of the firmament and their meaning |
| 133.522.7 | The aspects |
| 133.522.8 | Sensitive points. Other equidistances |
| 133.522.9 | Other representations. Position and domination |
| 133.526 | Astrological technique. Horoscopes |
| 133.527 | General system of interpretation. Individual astrology. Microcosm Ptolemy’s genethliacon. Individual readings, predictions |
| 133.528 | Interpretation in universal astrology. Macrocosm Ptolemy’s catholicon. Investigation, prediction of world events |
| 133.529 | Technique and interpretation of prognostic astrology. Forecasts. Predictions Horoscopes for major events of individual life (marriage, career, etc.) |
| 133.6 | Chiromancy. Palmistry. Chirology ⇨ 159.925.7 Chirognomy |
| 133.9 | Spiritualism (spiritism) Manifestations. Telekinesis. Ectoplasm |
| 14 | Philosophical systems and points of view |
| 140 | Possible philosophical attitudes. System typology |
| 140.8 | Weltanschauung. Philosophical outlook, view of the world |
| 141 | Kinds of viewpoint |
141.1 | Viewpoints according to number and quality of principles |
| 141.111 | Monism |
| 141.112 | Dualism Causalism. Occasionalism |
| 141.113 | Pluralism Triadic systems. Polyrealism |
| 141.12 | Ontological materialism |
| 141.13 | Metaphysical idealism |
| 141.131 | Platonism. Neoplatonism |
| 141.132 | Rationalism. Intellectualism. Universalism ⇨ 165.63 Rationalism. Intellectualism |
| 141.133 | Panlogism. Absolutism |
| 141.134 | Objective idealism (Bergmann) |
| 141.135 | Spiritualism (philosophical) |
| 141.136 | Immaterialism (Berkeley) |
| 141.141 | Animism. Hylozoism. Panpsychism |
| 141.142 | Voluntarism |
| 141.143 | Alogism (Schopenhauer, Ed. v. Hartmann, Bahnsen) |
| 141.144 | Monadism. Monadology. Personalism |
| 141.145 | Organicism |
| 141.151 | Conditionalism (Verworn) |
| 141.152 | Mechanicalism (Mechanicism) |
| 141.153 | Dynamism |
| 141.154 | Energism (Ostwald, Ranzoli) |
| 141.155 | Evolutionism |
| 141.156 | Mobilism (Chide) |
| 141.157 | Finalism (teleological viewpoint) |
| 141.2 | According to judgement of the value of the world |
| 141.201 | Problem of any value judgement of the world |
| 141.201.1 | Problem of the scale of values. Objective and subjective scale |
| 141.201.2 | Basis of evaluation: by principle, theoretical, factual-empirical |
| 141.21 | Optimism |
| 141.22 | Pessimism |
| 141.23 | Meliorism |
| 141.24 | Indifference |
| 141.3 | Special and mixed forms |
| 141.30 | Thomism |
| 141.31 | Scholasticism |
| 141.311 | Terminism Nominalism. Conceptualism |
| 141.312 | Conceptual realism |
| 141.319 | Neoscholasticism |
| 141.32 | Existentialism |
| 141.33 | Philosophical mysticism ⇨ 27-587 Mysticism. Altered states of consciousness. Divine ecstasies |
| 141.331 | Earlier esoteric schools |
141.331.5 | Kabbalah (Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabbala, Kabbala, Kabala, Qabbalah). Jewish mysticism ⇨ 26-587 Kabbalah (Cabbalah, Qabbalah). Mysticism |
| 141.332 | Theosophy |
| 141.333 | Anthroposophy |
| 141.336 | Sufism |
| 141.338 | Eclecticism. Syncretism |
| 141.339 | Various esoteric schools Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h) |
| 141.4 | According to attitude to problem of the Deity ⇨ 2-14 God. Gods (Personalised god(s) as distinct from immanent spirits) ⇨ 2-145.2 Creator god. Demi-urge. Designer God. Deism ⇨ 2-145.3 Preserver god. Theism. Providence. Safekeeping and governance of the world |
| 141.41 | Theism |
| 141.411 | Polytheism. Henotheism |
| 141.412 | Monotheism |
| 141.42 | Deism |
| 141.43 | Pantheism. Acosmism |
| 141.44 | Panentheism |
| 141.45 | Atheism |
| 141.5 | According to attitude to problem of soul and free will ⇨ 159.947.2 Freedom of will ⇨ 17.021.2 Persons. Individuals. Character ⇨ 27-187.3 Immortality of the soul ⇨ 27-423.4 Free will. Freedom to act |
| 141.7 | According to attitude to human society ⇨ 172 Social ethics. Duties to one’s fellow humans ⇨ 316.2 Sociological points of view and trends |
| 141.72 | Feminism |
| 141.74 | Racism |
| 141.76 | Nudism. Naturism |
| 141.78 | Postmodernism ⇨ 7.038.6 Postmodernism |
| 141.8 | Socialist schools and systems ⇨ 329.14 Socialist attitude. Social-democratic attitude ⇨ 330.86 Social-democratic and non-Marxist socialist economic theories |
| 141.81 | Pre-Marxian socialist schools. Utopian socialism ⇨ 330.84 Pre-Marxian socialist schools. Utopian socialism. Fourierism |
| 141.811 | Socialist doctrines up to the end of the 18th century |
| 141.812 | Saint-Simonism |
| 141.813 | Fourierism |
| 141.814 | Pre-Marxian English socialist doctrines Owenism. Chartism |
| 141.82 | Scientific socialism, communism, Marxism. Marxism-Leninism ⇨ 330.85 Marxist-Leninist economic doctrine |
159.9 | Psychology Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of persons (Table 1k, -05) ⇨ 316.6 Social psychology ⇨ 591.51 Psychology of animals. Animal intelligence. Instinct ⇨ 612.821 Physiological psychology ⇨ 616.89 Psychiatry. Pathological psychiatry. Psychopathology. Phrenopathies. Psychoses. Mental abnormality. Morbid mental states. Behavioural and emotional disturbances |
| 159.9.01 | Theories. Laws. Metaphysical psychology. Rational psychology |
| 159.9.015 | Theories based on the exact sciences |
| 159.9.015.4 | Chemical theories |
| 159.9.015.7 | Biological theories |
| 159.9.016 | Other theories |
| 159.9.016.1 | Body and soul. Body and mind |
| 159.9.016.12 | Dualistic theories Interactionism. Influxionism. Parallelism |
| 159.9.016.13 | Monistic theories |
| 159.9.016.132 | Materialistic, mechanistic theories. Psychological materialism Automatism ⇨ 141.12 Ontological materialism |
| 159.9.016.133 | Spiritualistic theories Idealism. Animism |
| 159.9.016.2 | Intellectualistic theories |
159.9.016.3 | Psychomechanistic theories |
159.9.016.4 | Psychophysical theories |
| 159.9.016.5 | Functional theories. Functionalism |
| 159.9.016.6 | Physiological theories ⇨ 612.01 General physiological problems ⇨ 612.8 Nervous system. Sensory organs |
| 159.9.018 | Psychological methods in general ⇨ 159.9.072.5 Methods of experimental psychology |
| 159.9.018.2 | Subjective Introspection |
| 159.9.018.3 | Objective |
| 159.9.018.4 | Analytical |
| 159.9.018.5 | Synthetic |
| 159.9.018.6 | Descriptive |
| 159.9.018.7 | Explanatory |
| 159.9.019 | Psychological systems and schools ⇨ 159.964.2 Psychoanalysis |
| 159.9.019.2 | Structural psychology Gestalt psychology |
| 159.9.019.3 | Functional psychology Dynamic psychology. Purposive psychology (hedonic, hormic) |
| 159.9.019.4 | Reaction psychology Psychology of behaviour. Behaviourism. Reflex psychology |
| 159.9.07 | Experimental psychology. Psychological research |
| 159.9.072 | Psychological experiment, investigation, tests, measurements |
159.9.072.2 | Psychological studies in laboratories |
| 159.9.072.3 | Psychological studies outside laboratories |
| 159.9.072.4 | Individual and group investigations |
| 159.9.072.42 | Individual investigation |
| 159.9.072.43 | Group investigation |
159.9.072.5 | Methods of experimental psychology |
| 159.9.072.52 | Subjective methods Self-observation |
| 159.9.072.53 | Objective methods |
| 159.9.072.532 | Stimulation or impression methods |
| 159.9.072.533 | Reaction methods Interrogation. Association |
| 159.9.072.59 | Various psychometric methods |
| 159.9.072.592 | Gradation methods |
| 159.9.072.593 | Error methods. Methods of right and wrong cases |
| 159.9.072.594 | Equivalence method |
| 159.9.072.7 | Observation |
| 159.9.072.8 | Recording. Protocol |
| 159.9.075 | Processing and interpretation of results. Correlations ⇨ 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics |
| 159.9.078 | Apparatus |
| 159.91 | Psychophysiology (physiological psychology). Mental physiology ⇨ 612.8 Nervous system. Sensory organs ⇨ 613.8 Health and hygiene of the nervous system. Health and ethics |
| 159.913 | Mental hygiene |
| 159.92 | Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology ⇨ 591.51 Psychology of animals. Animal intelligence. Instinct |
| 159.922 | Characteristics of mental life. Consciousness. Mental development in humans. Differential psychology. Genetic psychology. Developmental psychology ⇨ 37.015.3 Educational psychology. Educability |
| 159.922.1 | Sex psychology |
| 159.922.2 | Influences of natural and social environment |
| 159.922.23 | Sensory influences |
| 159.922.24 | Topographic influences. Landscape |
| 159.922.25 | Meteorological influences (influences of climate, weather) |
| 159.922.26 | Residential influences (influences of dwelling, domicile) |
| 159.922.27 | Social influences Neighbours. Associates ⇨ 316.614 Socialization |
| 159.922.28 | Influence of dress, clothing ⇨ 391 Costume. Clothing. National dress. Fashion. Adornment ⇨ 613.48 Clothing |
| 159.922.3 | Influence of ancestry. Mental heredity. Inherited characteristics |
| 159.922.4 | Ethnopsychology. National psychology Scope Note: Class here also cross-cultural psychiatry (ethnopsychiatry) Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of ethnic grouping (Table 1f) and common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) ⇨ 572.9 Special anthropogeography. Individual human ancestry groups |
159.922.41 | Palaeopsychology. Psychology of Palaeolithic man |
| 159.922.5 | Influence of body characteristics Growth. Deportment. Deformities |
| 159.922.6 | Influence of age |
| 159.922.62 | Maturity |
| 159.922.63 | Old age. Senescence |
| 159.922.7 | Child psychology. Paedology. Paedopsychology ⇨ 159.922 Characteristics of mental life. Consciousness. Mental development in humans. Differential psychology. Genetic psychology. Developmental psychology |
| 159.922.72 | Intellectual development of the child |
| 159.922.73 | Mental characteristics of the child Influence of child’s age. Psychology of infancy, childhood, puberty |
| 159.922.74 | Children’s point of view, attitudes |
| 159.922.75 | Children’s descriptions and representations |
| 159.922.76 | Children with abnormal behaviour. Abnormal child psychology ◇ 159.922.76-056.26 Abnormal behaviour of children with physical handicap ◇ 159.922.76-056.313 Abnormal behaviour of children with low intelligence ◇ 159.922.76-056.34 Abnormal behaviour of children with mental health problems ◇ 159.922.76-056.45 Abnormal behaviour of precocious, highly gifted children ◇ 159.922.76-056.49 Abnormal psychology of children with behavioural problems |
| 159.922.8 | Psychology of adolescence 159.922.8 ≅ 159.922.7 |
| 159.923 | Type psychology. Individual psychology. Psychology of individualities. Individuality. Personality. Character psychology. Characterology. Idiosyncrasies. Personal equation. Personality types |
| 159.923.2 | Development, emergence of the personality. Self-awareness. Identity of the personality The ego. Self and not-self. Self and body. The inner self. Self as person. Self and society |
| 159.923.3 | Composition of the personality. Character traits. Psychogram |
| 159.923.31 | Corporeal elements |
| 159.923.32 | Moral and religious elements |
| 159.923.33 | Social elements |
| 159.923.35 | Mental elements |
| 159.923.37 | Aesthetic elements |
| 159.923.38 | Special aptitudes and gifts |
| 159.923.4 | Temperaments |
| 159.923.42 | Popular classifications |
| 159.923.423 | Sanguine |
| 159.923.424 | Choleric |
| 159.923.425 | Phlegmatic |
| 159.923.426 | Melancholic |
| 159.923.43 | Scientific classifications |
| 159.923.434 | Kretschmer’s classification |
| 159.923.434.2 | Schizothymic |
| 159.923.434.4 | Viscous |
| 159.923.434.6 | Cyclothymic |
| 159.923.5 | Cultivation of the personality |
| 159.924 | Genius |
| 159.924.2 | Characteristic traits of genius |
| 159.924.3 | Genius as hereditary, inherited |
| 159.924.6 | Genius as pathological, morbid state |
| 159.924.62 | Genius and insanity |
| 159.924.63 | Genius and illness |
| 159.924.64 | Genius and vice |
| 159.924.65 | Genius and degeneracy |
| 159.924.7 | Environment and training of genius Upbringing. Home. Family. Education |
| 159.924.8 | Classes of genius |
| 159.924.9 | Geographic distribution of the gift of genius |
| 159.925 | Study of expression. Physical manifestation of mentality. Bodily expression of character |
| 159.925.2 | Physiognomy |
| 159.925.5 | Phrenology. Craniology. Cerebral localization of faculties or functions |
| 159.925.6 | Graphology |
| 159.925.7 | Chirognomy ⇨ 133.6 Chiromancy. Palmistry. Chirology |
| 159.925.8 | Mime and mimicry Voice. Gesture. Gait |
| 159.928 | Various kinds of talent. Abilities. Aptitudes |
| 159.928.22 | General abilities, giftedness |
| 159.928.23 | Special capacity, aptitude, talent ⇨ 159.95 Higher mental processes |
| 159.929 | Plant and animal behaviour. Biopsychology. Comparative psychology ⇨ 581.5 Habits of plants. Plant behaviour. Plant ecology. Plant ethology. The plant and its environment. Bionomics of plants ⇨ 591.5 Animal habits. Animal behaviour. Ecology. Ethology. Animal and environment. Bionomy |
159.93 | Sensation. Sensory perception ⇨ 611.84/.88 Sensory organs |
| 159.931/.936 | The senses (faculties) |
| 159.931 | Vision. Sight |
| 159.932 | Audition. Hearing |
| 159.933 | Olfaction. Smell |
| 159.934 | Gustation. Taste |
| 159.935 | Tactile sense. Touch. Feeling |
| 159.936 | Muscular, articular and organic senses. Equilibrium |
| 159.937 | Perception. Interpretation of percepts |
| 159.937.2 | Elements of perception |
| 159.937.22 | Sensory performance |
| 159.937.23 | Apperception |
| 159.937.24 | Preperception ⇨ 159.954.3 Imagery |
| 159.937.3 | Perceptual errors. Normal illusions ⇨ 159.961 Parapsychology. Psychic phenomena and research |
| 159.937.5 | Special classes of perception |
| 159.937.51 | Perception of colours. Colour as visual sensation. Psychological theory of colour ⇨ -026.613 Properties related to visible light. Hues. Colours ⇨ 535.64 Colour systems. Colour theories. Theory of colour measurement, chromaticity measurement ⇨ 612.843.31 Colour vision (chromatopsia) |
| 159.937.511 | Appearance of the colours. General properties of colour sensations |
| 159.937.511.1 | Free colour. Aperture colours |
| 159.937.511.2 | Surface (or area) colours |
| 159.937.511.3 | Solid (spatial) colours |
159.937.511.4 | Chromatic and achromatic colours |
| 159.937.511.5 | Pure colours. Dull colours. Broken colours. Clouded colours |
| 159.937.512 | Attributes of colours Warm and cold colours. Emergent and receding colours. Brightness |
| 159.937.513 | Colour nomenclature. Names of colours |
| 159.937.514 | Problems of colour of lighting (illumination), and of tinted spectacles. Colour sensitivity in altered environmental conditions Local colour. Shadow perception. Colour fidelity (in reproductions) |
| 159.937.515 | Effects of individual colours Warning colours, signals. Congenial, relaxing colours. Spatial effects ⇨ -026.613 Properties related to visible light. Hues. Colours ⇨ 62-777.6 Identification by colour. Colour-coding |
| 159.937.515.5 | Colour symbolism Colours for sorrow, joy ⇨ 27-528 Christian liturgy ⇨ 929.622 Heraldic tincture. Armorial colours |
| 159.937.516 | Interactions of colours Psychologically fundamental colours. Psychologically complementary colours. Effect of colour groupings, juxtapositions ⇨ 535.6 Colours and their properties. Colour theory |
| 159.937.52 | Perception of space and extent. Localization of objects. Psychological optics other than colour theory |
| 159.937.522 | Elements of space perception Distance. Size, dimensions. Shape. Direction |
| 159.937.523 | Sensory factors in space perception |
| 159.937.53 | Perception of time (duration) and rhythm |
| 159.937.54 | Perception of movement |
| 159.937.7 | Synaesthesia. Colour audition |
| 159.938 | Psychophysics. Psychometry |
| 159.938.2 | Psychophysics |
| 159.938.21 | Laws |
| 159.938.22 | Principal formulae |
| 159.938.25 | General measuring methods |
159.938.252 | Stimulus threshold |
| 159.938.253 | Difference threshold |
| 159.938.3 | Psychometry. Psychochronometry. Mental chronometry. Reaction time |
| 159.938.34 | Types of reaction time |
| 159.938.342 | Physiological and reflex reaction times ⇨ 612.821.1 Reaction time. Psychometry |
| 159.938.343 | Psychophysical reaction time |
| 159.938.343.2 | Simple psychophysical reaction time |
| 159.938.343.3 | Complex psychophysical reaction times |
| 159.938.343.32 | Discernment time. Recognition time. Perception time |
| 159.938.343.33 | Rate of discernment |
| 159.938.343.34 | Selection time. Rate of selection |
| 159.938.343.35 | Rate of association |
| 159.938.35 | Elements of reaction time Excitation. Conduction. Transformation of stimuli into motor impulses |
| 159.938.36 | Conditions influencing reaction time |
| 159.938.362 | Objective conditions Types of stimulation and reaction. Environmental influences |
| 159.938.363 | Subjective conditions |
| 159.938.363.1 | Age |
| 159.938.363.2 | Sex |
| 159.938.363.4 | Concentration. Expectation |
| 159.938.363.5 | Practice |
| 159.938.363.6 | Health |
| 159.938.363.7 | Fatigue |
| 159.938.363.8 | Toxicity |
| 159.938.37 | Special fields of measurement |
| 159.94 | Executive functions |
| 159.942 | Emotions. Affections. Sensibility. Feelings |
| 159.942.2 | Properties of the sensibility Affective quality. Intensity. Rhythm. Duration. Content |
| 159.942.3 | Expression of emotions Laughing. Crying |
| 159.942.4 | Varieties of emotion |
| 159.942.5 | Emotional states |
| 159.942.52 | Feelings. Sentiments |
| 159.942.53 | Moods |
| 159.942.6 | Passions. Uncontrolled emotions |
| 159.943 | Conation and movement Motor functions. Action. Drives |
| 159.943.2 | Feelings and strivings |
| 159.943.3 | Physiology of movement |
| 159.943.4 | Types of movement |
| 159.943.5 | Involuntary movements |
| 159.943.6 | Innate movements Tropisms. Reflexes. Instincts |
| 159.943.7 | Acquired movements. Habits |
| 159.943.75 | Laterality: dextrality (right-handedness), sinistrality (left-handedness) |
| 159.943.8 | Voluntary, consciously controlled movements |
| 159.944 | Work and fatigue. Efficiency Performance curve ⇨ 331.101.6 Work performance ⇨ 331.44 Influence of physical and psychological factors (work-related and non-work-related) on the employee ⇨ 613.73 Overexertion. Training |
| 159.944.4 | Fatigue. Stress |
| 159.946 | Special motor functions |
| 159.946.2 | Locomotion Walking. Running |
| 159.946.3 | Vocal expression Speech. Singing. Whistling. Dumbness, muteness ⇨ 808.5 Rhetoric of speech. Art or technique of oral expression ⇨ 81`23 Psycholinguistics. Psychology of language ⇨ 81`342.2 Articulatory phonetics. Phonation, articulation, utterance of (vocal) sounds |
| 159.946.4 | Graphic expression. Reading Writing. Drawing |
| 159.947 | Volition. Will |
| 159.947.2 | Freedom of will Deliberation. Choice. Decision ⇨ 141.5 According to attitude to problem of soul and free will |
| 159.947.23 | Responsibility |
| 159.947.24 | Determination |
| 159.947.3 | Human act of will Training of will. Self-discipline |
| 159.947.5 | Intentions. Motives. Desires, wishes ⇨ 316.628 Motivation of social behaviour. Needs. Aspirations |
| 159.95 | Higher mental processes |
| 159.952 | Attention |
| 159.952.1 | Conditions of selection |
| 159.952.12 | Objective conditions Suddenness. Novelty. Colour |
159.952.13 | Subjective conditions Interest. Expectancy. Purpose |
| 159.952.2 | Varieties of attention (according to origin, stimulus, development) |
| 159.952.3 | Physical reactions Circulation. Respiration. Posture |
| 159.952.4 | Clarity and strength of attention Concentrated attention. Divided attention |
| 159.952.5 | Scope and duration of attention. Span, range, fluctuation of attention |
| 159.952.6 | Acquired inattention. Lack of concentration |
| 159.953 | Memory and learning |
| 159.953.2 | Types of memory Visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, motor memory |
| 159.953.3 | Memory processes |
| 159.953.32 | Association |
| 159.953.33 | Retention |
| 159.953.34 | Remembering. Recall. Reproduction |
| 159.953.35 | Recognition. Identification |
| 159.953.4 | Memory aids. Mnemonics. Mnemonic techniques |
| 159.953.5 | Learning. Acquisition. Assimilation Mechanical learning, rote. Logical learning |
| 159.953.6 | Forgetting. Lapses of memory. Forgetfulness |
| 159.953.7 | Loss of memory. Amnesia ⇨ 616.89-008.46 Disorders of memory |
| 159.954 | Imagination. Imaginative, creative faculty |
| 159.954.2 | Fancy. Fantasy. Image-inventing faculty |
| 159.954.3 | Imagery Verbal imagery. Eidetic imagery |
| 159.954.4 | Forms of imagination Reproductive, representative imagination. Constructive, creative imagination |
| 159.954.5 | Limits of the imaginative process |
| 159.955 | Thinking. Thought |
| 159.955.1 | Ideation. Idea formation |
| 159.955.2 | Conception. Concept formation |
| 159.955.3 | Abstraction. Selection. Comparison |
| 159.955.4 | Reflection |
| 159.955.5 | Judgement |
| 159.955.6 | Reasoning. Inference. Induction. Deduction ⇨ 162 Process of illation. Reasoning. Inference. Conclusion |
| 159.956 | Intuition |
| 159.956.2 | Intellectual or speculative intuition Internal sense. Common sense |
| 159.956.3 | Sense intuition |
| 159.956.4 | Motor intuition |
| 159.96 | Special mental states and processes |
| 159.961 | Parapsychology. Psychic phenomena and research ⇨ 133 The paranormal. The occult. Psi phenomena ⇨ 2-544.8 Knowledge of events. Divination. Augury. Soothsaying. Oracles ⇨ 398.4 The supernatural ⇨ 550.87 Biological and psychic methods of geological investigation |
| 159.961.2 | Hallucinations and illusions as psychic phenomena Apparitions. Ghosts ⇨ 616.89-008.42 Disorders of sensation and perception. Hallucinations. Illusions. Hallucinatory deliriums, psychoses. Hallucinoses |
| 159.961.3 | Prophecy, prediction, oracles as psychic phenomena ⇨ 159.961.6 Telepathy (mindreading), clairvoyance, clairaudience as psychic phenomena ⇨ 2-534.6 Prophecy ⇨ 2-544.8 Knowledge of events. Divination. Augury. Soothsaying. Oracles |
| 159.961.6 | Telepathy (mindreading), clairvoyance, clairaudience as psychic phenomena ⇨ 133.3 Occult perception. Precognition |
| 159.961.8 | Out-of-body experiences |
| 159.961.9 | Near-death experiences |
| 159.962 | Hypnotism. Suggestion |
| 159.962.2 | Inducing hypnosis |
| 159.962.6 | Autohypnosis |
| 159.962.7 | Suggestion. Autosuggestion |
| 159.963 | Sleep and dreams |
| 159.963.2 | Sleep |
| 159.963.22 | Conditions inducing sleep |
| 159.963.23 | Normal phenomena accompanying sleep Brain activity during sleep |
| 159.963.24 | Depth and duration of sleep |
| 159.963.25 | Effects of sleep |
| 159.963.27 | Abnormal phenomena ⇨ 615.214.24 Sedatives. Hypnotics, soporifics |
| 159.963.272 | Somnolence |
| 159.963.273 | Sleeplessness. Wakefulness. Insomnia |
| 159.963.3 | Dreams. Visions ⇨ 616.8-009.836.15 Dreams. Nightmares |
| 159.963.32 | Classification of dreams. Types of dream |
| 159.963.33 | Contents of dreams |
| 159.963.34 | Special characteristics of dreams Duration. Compression. Meaninglessness |
159.963.36 | Dreams of different persons ◇ 159.963.36-053.2 Children’s dreams ◇ 159.963.36-056.262 Dreams of blind persons ◇ 159.963.36-056.83 Dreams of addicts |
| 159.963.37 | Day dreams. Autistic thinking |
| 159.963.38 | Interpretation of dreams |
| 159.963.5 | Somnambulism. Sleepwalking |
| 159.963.6 | Somniloquence. Talking in sleep |
| 159.964 | Depth psychology |
| 159.964.2 | Psychoanalysis ⇨ 615.851 Psychotherapy |
| 159.964.21 | Explanations of mental processes Drives, instincts. Libido, etc. Complexes. Conflict. Sublimation. Compensation |
| 159.964.22 | Techniques. Methods |
159.964.222 | Cathartic method. Abreaction |
| 159.964.224 | Free association |
| 159.964.225 | Suggestive influence |
| 159.964.227 | Re-education |
| 159.964.26 | Psychoanalytical schools, systems (Freudian, Jungian, Adlerian, etc.) Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h) |
| 159.964.28 | Applications of psychoanalysis |
| 159.964.3 | Other kinds of depth psychology |
159.964.32 | Psychological schools Schools of Prince, Rivers, McDougall |
| 159.97 | Abnormal psychology ⇨ 616.89 Psychiatry. Pathological psychiatry. Psychopathology. Phrenopathies. Psychoses. Mental abnormality. Morbid mental states. Behavioural and emotional disturbances |
| 159.972 | Mental disorders. Insanity. Alienation |
| 159.973 | Mental deficiency |
| 159.974 | Hypochondria. Melancholia |
| 159.975 | Catalepsy |
| 159.976 | Ecstasy |
| 159.98 | Applied psychology (psychotechnology) in general Aptitude testing |
| 16 | Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic |
160.1 | Nature and role of logic |
| 161/162 | Fundamentals of logic |
| 161.1 | Concept ⇨ 159.955.2 Conception. Concept formation |
| 161.11 | Criteria and types of concept |
| 161.111 | Comparison. Differentiation. Abstraction |
| 161.112 | Types of criterion Essential, nonessential. Inner, outer. Qualitative, quantitative. Original, derived |
| 161.113 | General scheme. Overall picture. Mode of association of a concept |
161.114 | Types of concept |
| 161.114.1 | Single concept. Individual concept. Name |
| 161.114.2 | General concept. Category concept. Type concept. Collective concept. Veritable concept |
161.114.3 | Possible and impossible concepts. Compatibility of predicates. Contradictio in adjecto |
| 161.12 | Categories. Predicaments (modi essendi) ◇ 161.12KAN Kant’s theory of categories |
| 161.13 | Categoremata. Predicables (modi praedicandi) |
| 161.14 | Scope. Range of concepts |
| 161.15 | Content. Simple and compound concepts |
| 161.16 | Order relationships of concepts |
| 161.161 | Coordination |
| 161.162 | Subordination |
| 161.163 | Subsumption |
| 161.17 | Parts of speech |
| 161.2 | Judgement. Statement |
| 161.201 | Theories of judgement |
| 161.201.1 | Area theories |
| 161.201.2 | Theories of content |
161.201.3 | Theory of total identity (Münsterberg) |
| 161.201.4 | Theories of assent (Stoa, Descartes, J.S. Mill) |
| 161.201.5 | Existential theory (Brentano) |
| 161.201.6 | Theories of attribution, subject content, facts |
| 161.201.7 | Theories of substitution |
| 161.21 | Nature and structure of judgement |
| 161.211 | Subject of judgement |
| 161.212 | Predicate of judgement |
| 161.213 | Copula |
| 161.22 | Kinds of judgement ⇨ 159.955.5 Judgement |
| 161.221.1 | Naming |
| 161.221.2 | Questions |
| 161.221.3 | Assertion. Categorical judgement |
| 161.222 | Content and area judgement. Quantity judgement |
| 161.222.1 | Content judgements |
| 161.222.2 | Area judgements. Judgements according to quantity |
| 161.223 | Quality judgements |
| 161.223.1 | Affirmative judgements |
| 161.223.2 | Negative judgements |
| 161.223.3 | Limitative infinite judgements |
| 161.224.1 | Judgements undetermined by the subject |
| 161.224.2 | Judgements determined by the subject |
| 161.225 | Real and ideal judgements ⇨ 165.423 Objective validity of knowledge |
| 161.225.1 | Real judgements Existential judgements. Attributive judgements. Judgements of cause |
| 161.225.2 | Ideal judgements. Statements on merely thought-out objects |
| 161.225.22 | Statements on equality, similarity and dissimilarity |
| 161.225.23 | Value judgements. Evaluation. Normative judgements Praise. Approval. Criticism. Blame ⇨ 17.022.1 Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards |
| 161.226 | Combinations of judgements. Structures of judgements |
| 161.25 | Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements Contradiction. Excluded middle. Sufficient condition |
| 161.26 | Modality of statements. Degree of validity |
161.261 | Apodictic judgements. Statement of necessity |
| 161.262 | Judgements of assertion. Factual statement |
| 161.263 | Problematical judgements. Statement of possibility |
| 162 | Process of illation. Reasoning. Inference. Conclusion ⇨ 159.955.6 Reasoning. Inference. Induction. Deduction |
| 162.1 | Immediate inference. Consequence |
| 162.11 | Equipollence. Equivalence |
| 162.12 | Conversion. Reversion |
| 162.13 | Contraposition. Inversion |
| 162.14 | Subalternation. Rearrangement. Subordination. Dictum de omni et nullo. Superposition |
| 162.15 | Opposition. Contrasting |
| 162.2 | Syllogism. Deductive reasoning (from general to particular) |
| 162.3 | Induction. Inductive reasoning (from particular to general) ⇨ 510.646 Inductive logic |
| 162.4 | Inference by analogy |
| 162.5 | Fallacious reasoning. False conclusions. Non-sequiturs. Sophisms. Paralogisms ⇨ 161.25 Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements ⇨ 168.35 Theory of errors in evidence (proof). Logical fallacies |
| 162.6 | Dialectics. Eristics |
| 164 | Logistic. Symbolic logic. Mathematical logic. Logical calculus |
| 164.01 | Nature and role of symbolic logic |
| 164.02 | Signs. Symbols. Symbolism |
| 164.021 | Variable |
| 164.022 | Constants |
| 164.03 | Functions |
| 164.031 | Argument |
| 164.032 | Value. Extent of value |
| 164.033 | Object functions |
| 164.034 | Predicative functions. Statement |
164.035 | Nexuses Negation. Logical sum. Logical product |
| 164.04 | Axioms. Principles. Rules. Laws ⇨ 165.17 The a priori part in knowing ⇨ 167.4 Axioms. Postulates |
| 164.041 | Axioms. Principles |
| 164.042 | Systems of axioms |
| 164.043 | Equivalences. Rules. Laws Laws of combination, substitution, fusion, negation |
| 164.05 | Validity of proposition |
| 164.051 | Truth functions |
| 164.053 | Problem of decision |
| 164.07 | Individual problems. Individual theorems |
| 164.08 | Applications |
| 164.1 | Logic of propositions. Calculus of statements |
164.2 | Logic of concepts. Calculus of predicates and classes. Functions with one variable |
164.21 | Calculus of predicates. Determination of a predicate according to the content |
164.22 | Calculus of classes. Determination of the predicate according to the range ⇨ 510.2 General problems of mathematical logic. Foundations of mathematics |
| 164.221 | Class |
| 164.222 | Types of concept. Definition range |
164.223 | Combination of classes |
| 164.223.1 | Subsumption |
| 164.223.2 | Intersection |
| 164.223.3 | Union |
| 164.223.4 | Negation |
| 164.23 | Combined calculus of statements and predicates ◇ 164.23.08:162 Formalization of deductions |
| 164.3 | Logic of relations. Logic of inclusion. Calculus of functions. Calculus of hierarchies. Functions with any number of variables |
| 164.31 | Relations |
| 164.32 | Combination of relations 164.32 ≅ 164.223 |
| 164.33 | Hierarchy of types. Calculus of hierarchies |
| 165 | Theory of knowledge. Epistemology |
| 165.0 | The problem of knowledge in general Application Note: In class 165.0, .0 is not used to denote special auxiliary subdivisions |
| 165.01 | Tasks and aims of knowledge |
| 165.02 | Possibilities of knowledge |
| 165.021 | Naive and critical knowledge |
| 165.022 | Possibility of a theory of knowledge |
| 165.023 | Possibility of truth of knowledge |
| 165.023.1 | Truth. Correctness |
165.023.2 | Error. Falsehood |
| 165.1 | Conditions, sources, kinds of knowledge |
| 165.12 | Subject of knowledge. Object of knowledge. Consciousness in general. Epistemological subject |
| 165.15 | Logical and teleological premises of knowledge |
| 165.151 | Logical premises of knowledge. Hypothesis |
| 165.152 | Teleological premises of knowledge. Norm |
| 165.17 | The a priori part in knowing |
| 165.171 | Pure cognition ◇ 165.171:114 Space as a form of pure cognition ◇ 165.171:115 Time as a form of pure cognition |
| 165.172 | Rational knowledge Categories. Axioms |
| 165.173 | Concepts of common sense. Ideas |
| 165.18 | The empirical part in knowing Appearance. The thing in itself. The I in itself. Perception |
| 165.19 | Kinds of knowledge |
| 165.191 | Mythical and scientific knowledge ⇨ 159.922.41 Palaeopsychology. Psychology of Palaeolithic man |
| 165.192 | Discursive knowledge |
| 165.193 | Intuitive knowledge |
165.194 | Cognitive knowledge |
| 165.195 | Emotional knowledge Feeling and will as means of knowing. Inner experience |
| 165.2 | Essence, nature of knowing |
| 165.21 | Representation |
| 165.211 | Immediate representation. Theory of naive representation |
| 165.212 | Symbolic representation. Symbolization ⇨ 003.6 Other kinds of graphic representation of thought |
| 165.22 | Arrangement. Disposition. Determination of unit |
| 165.23 | Designation of objects. Determination of reality. Thing |
| 165.24 | Special problematic objects |
| 165.241 | Cognition of the individual. Individuum ineffabile |
| 165.242 | Awareness of conscious processes |
| 165.242.1 | Self-awareness. Knowing of the self |
| 165.242.2 | Knowing of the consciousness in others. Understanding |
| 165.243 | Knowing of ideal facts. Appreciation of the essence |
| 165.3 | Object, scope and limits of knowledge |
| 165.31 | Theory of the object Perceptible, ideal, transcendent objects |
| 165.32 | Scope and limitations of knowledge |
| 165.321 | Empirical knowledge |
| 165.322 | Transcendent knowledge. Absolute knowledge |
165.324 | Problem of the external or the internal world. Immanence problem |
165.325 | Anthropomorphism. Egomorphism |
| 165.4 | Certainty and validity of knowledge |
| 165.41 | Degrees of certainty |
| 165.411 | Absolute certainty |
| 165.412 | Uncertainty. General doubt. Cartesian doubt Apories. Paradoxes. Antinomies |
| 165.413 | Relative certainty. Probability |
| 165.42 | Range of validity |
| 165.421 | General validity |
| 165.422 | Exclusion of the subjective |
| 165.423 | Objective validity of knowledge ⇨ 161.225 Real and ideal judgements ⇨ 17.022.1 Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards |
| 165.43 | Criteria of certainty. Evidence. Belief |
| 165.433 | Criteria of the individual sciences |
| 165.5 | Value of knowledge Truth value. Ethical value |
| 165.6/.8 | Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines |
| 165.6 | Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to origin, sources, forms of knowledge |
| 165.61 | Irrationalism |
| 165.611 | Intuitionism |
| 165.612 | Philosophy of faith. Traditionalism |
| 165.613 | Mysticism |
| 165.614 | Philosophy of feeling |
| 165.62 | Phenomenology (Husserl, Heidegger) |
| 165.63 | Rationalism. Intellectualism |
| 165.64 | Empiricism |
| 165.641 | Sensualism |
| 165.642 | Psychologism |
| 165.65 | Criticism Neocriticism |
| 165.7 | Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to validity, scope and limits of knowledge |
| 165.71 | Dogmatism. Absolutism |
| 165.72 | Scepticism ⇨ 299 Philosophical systems |
| 165.721 | Radical scepticism. Nihilism |
| 165.722 | Subjectivism. Epistemological egoism |
| 165.723 | Relativism. Probabilism |
| 165.724 | Perspectivism (Nietzsche) |
| 165.725 | Nominalism. Terminism. Conventionalism. Fictionalism |
| 165.73 | Positivism. Agnosticism |
| 165.731 | Positivism ⇨ 510.26 Logical positivism |
| 165.731.2 | Empiriocriticism (Avenarius). Machian positivism |
| 165.732 | Agnosticism ⇨ 299.3 Agnosticism |
| 165.74 | Pragmatism. Humanism. Activism |
| 165.741 | Pragmatism (Pierce, James) |
| 165.742 | Humanism. Hominism (FCS Schiller) |
| 165.743 | Instrumentalism (John Dewey) |
| 165.744 | Philosophy of action (M. Blondel). Activism (Eucken) |
| 165.745 | Philosophy of life. Biologism |
| 165.75 | Structuralism |
| 165.8 | Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to object and role of knowledge |
| 165.81 | Subjectivism |
| 165.811 | Conscientialism |
| 165.812 | Illusionism (Berkeley) |
| 165.813 | Immanence point of view (Schuppe, Rehmke) |
| 165.814 | Solipsism |
| 165.82 | Realism |
| 165.821 | Naive realism |
| 165.822 | Critical realism |
| 165.823 | Phenomenalism |
| 165.9 | History of knowledge. From mythology to scientific knowledge |
| 167/168 | Logical methodology ⇨ 001 Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work |
| 167 | Scientific inquiry, investigation |
| 167.1 | The problem |
| 167.2 | Analytical procedure |
| 167.22 | Observation |
| 167.23 | Experiment |
| 167.3 | Synthetic procedure |
| 167.32 | Synthetic methods of the rational sciences |
| 167.33 | Inductive methods of the empirical sciences |
| 167.4 | Axioms. Postulates |
| 167.5 | Hypothesis. Fiction. Utopia. Invention |
| 167.6 | Laws. Rules |
| 167.7 | Scientific theory. The model. Problem of theory and practice |
| 168 | Scientific method |
| 168.1 | Theory of definition |
| 168.2 | Division. Analysis. Classification ⇨ 001.82 Study of organization ⇨ 025.4 Classification and indexing |
| 168.3 | Theory of evidence (proof) |
| 168.32 | Direct evidence (proof) |
| 168.33 | Indirect evidence (proof) Reductio ad absurdum. Circumstantial evidence |
| 168.35 | Theory of errors in evidence (proof). Logical fallacies Circular arguments. Petitio principii (begging the question). Equivocation. Ambiguity. Hysteron proteron. Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion). Jumping to conclusion ⇨ 161.25 Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements ⇨ 162.5 Fallacious reasoning. False conclusions. Non-sequiturs. Sophisms. Paralogisms |
| 168.4 | System |
| 168.5 | System in the sciences. Problem of a systematic order of the sciences |
| 17 | Moral philosophy. Ethics. Practical philosophy ⇨ 2-42 Moral behaviour. Moral theology |
| 17.0 | Theories and trends in ethics |
17.01 | Concept, role, methods of ethics |
| 17.011 | Conception and task of ethics |
| 17.018 | Methods of ethics |
| 17.018.1 | Rational, transcendental, a priori methods |
| 17.018.2 | Empirical, analytical-inductive methods |
| 17.018.21 | Psychological methods |
| 17.018.22 | Historical, sociological and ethnological methods |
| 17.02 | Nature of the moral. Moral facts |
| 17.021 | Objects of moral judgement |
| 17.021.1 | Behaviour. Conduct. Actions. Omissions |
| 17.021.2 | Persons. Individuals. Character ◇ 17.021.2-056.1 Persons according to general constitution, disposition or character ◇ 17.021.2-056.31 Persons according to intelligence ◇ 17.021.2-058.6 Victims of circumstances |
| 17.021.3 | Social groups ⇨ 316.35 Social groups. Social organizations |
| 17.021.4 | The human race as an object of moral judgement. Humanity. Humankind. Mankind ⇨ 2-18 Man. Mankind. Humanity. Doctrinal anthropology ⇨ 930.1 History as a science |
| 17.022 | Moral judgement |
| 17.022.1 | Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards Values of life, of happiness. Aesthetic, social, religious values. Reputation. Fame. Prestige. Esteem. Kudos ⇨ 161.225.23 Value judgements. Evaluation. Normative judgements |
| 17.022.2 | Consequences of moral conduct Reward. Punishment |
| 17.023 | Moral law. Origin and content of moral law. Moral principles |
| 17.023.1 | Rationality of human nature (Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas) |
| 17.023.2 | Logical principle. Consistency. Categorical imperative (Kant) |
| 17.023.3 | Teleological principles. Purposes, ends |
17.023.31 | The individual |
| 17.023.32 | Social group Family. Kinship. Tribe. People. Nation. Race. Class. Humanity ⇨ 316.35 Social groups. Social organizations |
| 17.023.33 | Biological ends Life. Higher development. Übermensch (superman). Natural morality |
| 17.023.34 | Pleasure. Happiness. Diminution of suffering |
| 17.023.35 | Utility. Benefit. Welfare |
| 17.023.36 | Perfection. Progress. Culture, civilization |
| 17.023.4 | Sociological principles |
| 17.023.5 | Material values |
| 17.023.6 | Unity and multiplicity of moral principles Clash of moral duties. Casuistry |
| 17.024 | Sources of moral perception |
| 17.024.1 | Consciousness of norms. Conscience |
| 17.024.2 | Feeling. Intuition |
| 17.024.3 | Insight. Reflection |
| 17.024.4 | Experience. Success |
| 17.025 | Basis of moral obligation. Acceptance and sanction of moral law |
| 17.025.1 | Heteronomy. Authority Divine authority. Authority of the state. Social convention |
| 17.025.2 | Autonomy |
| 17.026 | Motives of moral conduct |
| 17.026.1 | Selfish impulses. Egoism. Interest |
| 17.026.2 | Social impulses. Solidarity ⇨ 316.628 Motivation of social behaviour. Needs. Aspirations |
| 17.026.3 | Sympathetic feelings Commiseration, compassion (Schopenhauer). Conjubilation, shared joy (L. Feuerbach) |
| 17.026.4 | Respect for moral law. Dignity of the personality (Kant) |
| 17.03 | Ethical doctrines and points of view |
| 17.031 | Ethical doctrines and points of view according to the nature of the moral |
| 17.031.1 | Formalism Rigoristic (ascetic), aesthetic, relativistic formalism |
| 17.031.2 | Material determination |
| 17.032 | Ethical doctrines and points of view according to the origin of moral perception |
| 17.032.1 | Morality of feelings. Intuitionism in Ethics |
| 17.032.2 | Intellectualism. Rationalism. ‘A priorism’ |
| 17.032.3 | Voluntarism |
| 17.032.4 | Empiricism. Evolutionism |
| 17.033 | Ethical doctrines and points of view according to basis of moral obligation |
| 17.033.1 | Heteronomism. Authoritarianism |
| 17.033.2 | Autonomism |
| 17.034 | Ethical doctrines and points of view according to motives of moral conduct |
| 17.034.1 | Ethics of feeling |
| 17.034.2 | Ethics of reflection |
| 17.034.3 | Ethics of attitude |
| 17.035 | Ethical doctrines and points of view according to objects of moral conduct |
| 17.035.1 | Individualism Egoism. Altruism |
| 17.035.2 | Universalism |