Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic

160.1

Nature and role of logic

Fundamentals of logic

Concept

⇨ 159.955.2 Conception. Concept formation

Criteria and types of concept

Comparison. Differentiation. Abstraction

Types of criterion   Essential, nonessential. Inner, outer. Qualitative, quantitative. Original, derived

General scheme. Overall picture. Mode of association of a concept

161.114

Types of concept

Single concept. Individual concept. Name

General concept. Category concept. Type concept. Collective concept. Veritable concept

161.114.3

Possible and impossible concepts. Compatibility of predicates. Contradictio in adjecto

Categories. Predicaments (modi essendi)

◇ 161.12KAN    Kant’s theory of categories

Categoremata. Predicables (modi praedicandi)

Scope. Range of concepts

Content. Simple and compound concepts

Order relationships of concepts

Coordination

Subordination

Subsumption

Parts of speech

Judgement. Statement

Theories of judgement

Area theories

Theories of content

161.201.3

Theory of total identity (Münsterberg)

Theories of assent (Stoa, Descartes, J.S. Mill)

Existential theory (Brentano)

Theories of attribution, subject content, facts

Theories of substitution

Nature and structure of judgement

Subject of judgement

Predicate of judgement

Copula

Kinds of judgement

⇨ 159.955.5 Judgement

Naming

Questions

Assertion. Categorical judgement

Content and area judgement. Quantity judgement

Content judgements

Area judgements. Judgements according to quantity

Quality judgements

Affirmative judgements

Negative judgements

Limitative infinite judgements

Judgements undetermined by the subject

Judgements determined by the subject

Real and ideal judgements

⇨ 165.423 Objective validity of knowledge

Real judgements   Existential judgements. Attributive judgements. Judgements of cause

Ideal judgements. Statements on merely thought-out objects

Statements on equality, similarity and dissimilarity

Value judgements. Evaluation. Normative judgements   Praise. Approval. Criticism. Blame

⇨ 17.022.1 Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards

Combinations of judgements. Structures of judgements

Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements   Contradiction. Excluded middle. Sufficient condition

Modality of statements. Degree of validity

161.261

Apodictic judgements. Statement of necessity

Judgements of assertion. Factual statement

Problematical judgements. Statement of possibility

Process of illation. Reasoning. Inference. Conclusion

⇨ 159.955.6 Reasoning. Inference. Induction. Deduction

Immediate inference. Consequence

Equipollence. Equivalence

Conversion. Reversion

Contraposition. Inversion

Subalternation. Rearrangement. Subordination. Dictum de omni et nullo. Superposition

Opposition. Contrasting

Syllogism. Deductive reasoning (from general to particular)

Induction. Inductive reasoning (from particular to general)

⇨ 510.646 Inductive logic

Inference by analogy

Fallacious reasoning. False conclusions. Non-sequiturs. Sophisms. Paralogisms

⇨ 161.25 Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements

⇨ 168.35 Theory of errors in evidence (proof). Logical fallacies

Dialectics. Eristics

Logistic. Symbolic logic. Mathematical logic. Logical calculus

Nature and role of symbolic logic

Signs. Symbols. Symbolism

Variable

Constants

Functions

Argument

Value. Extent of value

Object functions

Predicative functions. Statement

164.035

Nexuses   Negation. Logical sum. Logical product

Axioms. Principles. Rules. Laws

⇨ 165.17 The a priori part in knowing

⇨ 167.4 Axioms. Postulates

Axioms. Principles

Systems of axioms

Equivalences. Rules. Laws   Laws of combination, substitution, fusion, negation

Validity of proposition

Truth functions

Problem of decision

Individual problems. Individual theorems

Applications

Logic of propositions. Calculus of statements

164.2

Logic of concepts. Calculus of predicates and classes. Functions with one variable

164.21

Calculus of predicates. Determination of a predicate according to the content

164.22

Calculus of classes. Determination of the predicate according to the range

⇨ 510.2 General problems of mathematical logic. Foundations of mathematics

Class

Types of concept. Definition range

164.223

Combination of classes

Subsumption

Intersection

Union

Negation

Combined calculus of statements and predicates

◇ 164.23.08:162             Formalization of deductions

Logic of relations. Logic of inclusion. Calculus of functions. Calculus of hierarchies. Functions with any number of variables

Relations

Combination of relations

164.32 ≅ 164.223

Hierarchy of types. Calculus of hierarchies

Theory of knowledge. Epistemology

The problem of knowledge in general

Application Note: In class 165.0, .0 is not used to denote special auxiliary subdivisions

Tasks and aims of knowledge

Possibilities of knowledge

Naive and critical knowledge

Possibility of a theory of knowledge

Possibility of truth of knowledge

Truth. Correctness

165.023.2

Error. Falsehood

Conditions, sources, kinds of knowledge

Subject of knowledge. Object of knowledge. Consciousness in general. Epistemological subject

Logical and teleological premises of knowledge

Logical premises of knowledge. Hypothesis

Teleological premises of knowledge. Norm

The a priori part in knowing

Pure cognition

◇ 165.171:114  Space as a form of pure cognition

◇ 165.171:115  Time as a form of pure cognition

Rational knowledge   Categories. Axioms

Concepts of common sense. Ideas

The empirical part in knowing   Appearance. The thing in itself. The I in itself. Perception

Kinds of knowledge

Mythical and scientific knowledge

⇨ 159.922.41 Palaeopsychology. Psychology of Palaeolithic man

Discursive knowledge

Intuitive knowledge

165.194

Cognitive knowledge

Emotional knowledge   Feeling and will as means of knowing. Inner experience

Essence, nature of knowing

Representation

Immediate representation. Theory of naive representation

Symbolic representation. Symbolization

⇨ 003.6 Other kinds of graphic representation of thought

Arrangement. Disposition. Determination of unit

Designation of objects. Determination of reality. Thing

Special problematic objects

Cognition of the individual. Individuum ineffabile

Awareness of conscious processes

Self-awareness. Knowing of the self

Knowing of the consciousness in others. Understanding

Knowing of ideal facts. Appreciation of the essence

Object, scope and limits of knowledge

Theory of the object   Perceptible, ideal, transcendent objects

Scope and limitations of knowledge

Empirical knowledge

Transcendent knowledge. Absolute knowledge

165.324

Problem of the external or the internal world. Immanence problem

165.325

Anthropomorphism. Egomorphism

Certainty and validity of knowledge

Degrees of certainty

Absolute certainty

Uncertainty. General doubt. Cartesian doubt   Apories. Paradoxes. Antinomies

Relative certainty. Probability

Range of validity

General validity

Exclusion of the subjective

Objective validity of knowledge

⇨ 161.225 Real and ideal judgements

⇨ 17.022.1 Moral value judgement. Moral values, standards

Criteria of certainty. Evidence. Belief

Criteria of the individual sciences

Value of knowledge   Truth value. Ethical value

Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines

Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to origin, sources, forms of knowledge

Irrationalism

Intuitionism

Philosophy of faith. Traditionalism

Mysticism

Philosophy of feeling

Phenomenology (Husserl, Heidegger)

Rationalism. Intellectualism

Empiricism

Sensualism

Psychologism

Criticism   Neocriticism

Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to validity, scope and limits of knowledge

Dogmatism. Absolutism

Scepticism

⇨ 299 Philosophical systems

Radical scepticism. Nihilism

Subjectivism. Epistemological egoism

Relativism. Probabilism

Perspectivism (Nietzsche)

Nominalism. Terminism. Conventionalism. Fictionalism

Positivism. Agnosticism

Positivism

⇨ 510.26 Logical positivism

Empiriocriticism (Avenarius). Machian positivism

Agnosticism

⇨ 299.3 Agnosticism

Pragmatism. Humanism. Activism

Pragmatism (Pierce, James)

Humanism. Hominism (FCS Schiller)

Instrumentalism (John Dewey)

Philosophy of action (M. Blondel). Activism (Eucken)

Philosophy of life. Biologism

Structuralism

Epistemological viewpoints and doctrines according to object and role of knowledge

Subjectivism

Conscientialism

Illusionism (Berkeley)

Immanence point of view (Schuppe, Rehmke)

Solipsism

Realism

Naive realism

Critical realism

Phenomenalism

History of knowledge. From mythology to scientific knowledge

Logical methodology

⇨ 001 Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work

Scientific inquiry, investigation

The problem

Analytical procedure

Observation

Experiment

Synthetic procedure

Synthetic methods of the rational sciences

Inductive methods of the empirical sciences

Axioms. Postulates

Hypothesis. Fiction. Utopia. Invention

Laws. Rules

Scientific theory. The model. Problem of theory and practice

Scientific method

Theory of definition

Division. Analysis. Classification

⇨ 001.82 Study of organization

⇨ 025.4 Classification and indexing

Theory of evidence (proof)

Direct evidence (proof)

Indirect evidence (proof)   Reductio ad absurdum. Circumstantial evidence

Theory of errors in evidence (proof). Logical fallacies   Circular arguments. Petitio principii (begging the question). Equivocation. Ambiguity. Hysteron proteron. Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion). Jumping to conclusion

⇨ 161.25 Conditions of validity of judgements. Truth and falsity of statements

⇨ 162.5 Fallacious reasoning. False conclusions. Non-sequiturs. Sophisms. Paralogisms

System

System in the sciences. Problem of a systematic order of the sciences