Photography and similar processes

⇨ 528.7

Photogrammetry: aerial, terrestrial

⇨ 535.24

Photometry

⇨ 535.6

Colours and their properties. Colour theory

⇨ 661.14

Photochemical materials (other than plates, films, papers)

⇨ 681.7

Optical apparatus and instruments

Characteristics of photographic machinery, equipment

77-7/-8 ≅ 62-7/-8

Photographic theory, techniques and various general considerations

Application Note: Special auxiliaries 7.01/.09 are not applicable at 77 and its subdivisions, except for 7.04

⇨ 7.04

Subjects for artistic representation. Iconography. Iconology. Details and finishes. Decoration. Ornament

Special auxiliary subdivision for photography

Application Note: Special auxiliaries 7.01/.09 (except 7.04) are not applicable at 77 and its subdivisions

Theory, principles and nature of photographic phenomena

Permanence

Resistance of photographic materials and photographs

Resistance to humidity and water

Resistance to heat and cold

Resistance to abrasion

Resistance to particulate matter   Resistance to sand, dust

Resistance to light or other radiation

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 535

◇ 77.018.26:535-2 Resistance to visible light

◇ 77.018.26:535-31        Resistance to ultraviolet radiation

⇨ 535

Optics

Resistance to chemicals and chemical products in close proximity

◇ 77.018.27:667.6 Resistance to paints

Resistance to fungus, insects and other forms of biological attack

Ageing phenomena

Scope Note: Forms of deterioration occurring at any time after creation of the original image

Fading. Regression   Colour shift

Staining of areas containing no silver

Discoloration of areas containing silver   Browning. Yellowing. Spotting. Silvering. Fog

Dimensional changes   Shrinkage. Stretching

Breakage. Tearing. Curling. Separation of emulsion from support

Procedures to enhance permanence, performed during processing of the original image

⇨ 77.026.6

Preservation practices

Removal of residual processing chemicals   Hypo removal

⇨ 77.023.8

Removal of the fixing salts

pH control

⇨ 77.023.22

pH control in processing solutions

Protective coatings applied to the image surface   Protective varnishes, laminants

⇨ 77.024.3

Varnishing

Toning

Hardening

Lubrication

⇨ 778.586

Lubrication

Stabilization bath to prevent coupler printout

Deleterious influences and defects due to processing

Photographic operations

⇨ 771

Photographic equipment, apparatus and materials

Manufacture of light-sensitive, photosensitive materials. Treatment prior to exposure

Manufacture of light-sensitive materials. Emulsions, additions, etc

Manufacture of emulsions and light-sensitive mixtures

Special emulsions and mixtures of emulsions   Emulsions without vehicle. Fine-grain emulsions. Emulsions for reversal processing

⇨ 771.531

Kinds of light-sensitive material

Special additions to emulsions and light-sensitive mixtures   Sensitizers. Hardening agents

⇨ 771.534.21

Sensitization by means of dyes

⇨ 771.534.3

Desensitization

⇨ 773.5

Dye processes

Melting before coating (second melting)

Application of the sensitive mixture to the support

⇨ 77.021.5

Types of coating on sensitive materials

⇨ 771.531

Kinds of light-sensitive material

⇨ 771.534.13

Sensitization. Increasing of sensitivity by various means (especially digestion and chemical sensitization)

Drying, including paper

Cutting. Perforating. Identification

◇ 77.021.17:621.961.2   Film perforating machines

Packing and confection (into spools, film packs, etc.)

Application by the user (with ready-made, manufactured mixtures). Coating by hand

Types of coating on sensitive materials

Substrate. Underlayers   Baryta layer. Plastic coatings

Sensitive coatings

Intermediate coatings. Separating layers

Protective coatings. Anti-abrasion coatings. Antistatic coatings

Light-filter coatings

⇨ 771.534.26

Control of spectral sensitivity by screening dyes

Stripping coatings

⇨ 771.526

Special stripping or transfer materials as temporary bases or supports

Backing layers

Coatings of nonsensitive materials (e.g. for image transfer)

Pretreatment of light-sensitive materials prior to exposure

Operations associated with exposure

⇨ 771.2

Studio and laboratory equipment, lighting, fittings, etc.

⇨ 771.3

Exposure apparatus. Cameras. Enlargers

⇨ 771.4

Processing equipment (except exposure apparatus). Lighting. Finishing and storage equipment (for negatives and prints)

Choice and arrangement of model and subject. Photographic perspective. Pictorial appreciation

Choice and arrangement of lighting   Lamps. Screens

Determination of exposure. Theory of exposure measurement

⇨ 771.376

Accessories for determining exposure and quality of light. Light meters. Exposure meters

Adjustment, setting of the shutter

Adjustment of the aperture

Adjustment of distance setting. Depth of field (focus), theory and calculation

⇨ 681.7.013

Characteristics and performance of optical instruments

Processing work. Operations following exposure (with consideration of materials used)

⇨ 771.4

Processing equipment (except exposure apparatus). Lighting. Finishing and storage equipment (for negatives and prints)

⇨ 771.7

Photographic chemicals, solutions and finishing materials

Preparation of the darkroom

Preparation of baths and developing apparatus

pH control in processing solutions

⇨ 77.018.62

pH control

Handling and treatment of exposed material before developing

Treatment before developing   Latensification. Desensitization. Prehardening. Reduction, e.g. Sterry effect

Development (developing)

⇨ 771.72

Developers. Developing agents and additions

Chemical development

Development methods according to apparatus   Dish development. Tank development. Machine development (including spray processing)

Two-bath development. Split development

Development influencing sensitometric properties and the properties of the developed image

⇨ 771.537

Properties of the image area. Picture quality in general

Development influencing sensitometric properties

Development influencing grain size, sharpness, resolution and contrast transmission function

Development influencing image colour

⇨ 778.6

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

Development influencing mechanical properties

Development techniques for special conditions

◇ 77.023.417(211) Development in cold climates

◇ 77.023.417(213)         Development in hot climates

Development at low temperatures (below 18oC)

Development at high temperatures (18oC and above)

Development in strong light. Daylight development

Rapid development

Before fixing

After fixing

Development with gases, e.g. ammonia

Semi-dry development

Development by physical agencies   Electrolytic development. Heat development

Electrographic development

⇨ 772.93

Electrography. Electrophotography. Electroradiography

Activation processing

Toning before fixing

Transfer of electrographic images

⇨ 772.93

Electrography. Electrophotography. Electroradiography

Work on the developed image

Hardening

Stopping

Clearing and fixing

Other work on the developed image   Intensification. Reduction. Bleaching. Toning. Subsequent reversal

⇨ 77.018.6

Procedures to enhance permanence, performed during processing of the original image

⇨ 77.026.5

Chemical restoration of photographs

Removal of the fixing salts

Washing. Washing accelerators

Drying. Drying accelerators

Other work following exposure   Quality control

Finishing of negatives and prints

⇨ 77.018.6

Procedures to enhance permanence, performed during processing of the original image

⇨ 77.026.7

Preparation for viewing

⇨ 771.45

Finishing and mounting equipment. Equipment for retouching, tinting, etc. Presses

Retouching for special effects

Tinting. Hand colouring

Varnishing

⇨ 77.018.63

Protective coatings applied to the image surface

Producing other decorative effects

Producing relief edges (passe-partout effect)

⇨ 77.024.9

Embossing. Producing relief effects in the print

Production of photomontages

Trimming

Glazing

Embossing. Producing relief effects in the print

Conservation

Copying and duplication

Copying and duplication of black-and-white originals

Copying and duplication of a line copy

Copying and duplication by autoradiography

Scope Note: For autoradiography in scientific applications (other than conservation) see 778.347

◇ 77.026.13.018.41        Copying for enhancement of faded prints

Copying and duplication of colour originals

Assessing restoration requirements

Damage: potential and actual

Recognition of signs of damage

Application Note: Details by special auxiliaries 77.018.2, from 77.01/.09

⇨ 77.018.2

Resistance of photographic materials and photographs

Identification of materials and photographic processes

Special examination techniques   Cross-sections. Scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)

Dating methods

Authenticity testing. Testing for forgery or counterfeiting

⇨ 77.028

Modern applications of historical processes

Layer thickness testing

Interferometry

Chemical analysis of dyes

Dismounting

Flattening. Uncurling

Laying down (reparation of tears)

Emulsion transfer

Retouching. Scratch removal

Facing

Ultrasonic cleaning

Chemical restoration of photographs

Refixing and rewashing

Intensification. Regeneration

Reduction

Tone modification

Wet cleaning

Stain removal

Fumigation

Preservation practices

⇨ 025.177

Art material. Audiovisual materials and services

⇨ 77.018.6

Procedures to enhance permanence, performed during processing of the original image

Storage equipment for physical protection of photographic images   Boxes. Filing enclosures. Shelving

⇨ 005.922.3

Storage

⇨ 005.922.5

Preservation

⇨ 686.82

Albums

Methods of organization

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 025

◇ 77.026.63:025.3 Cataloguing

⇨ 025

Administrative departments of libraries

Security procedures

Emergency procedures   Mass treatment techniques

Preparation for viewing

Framing. Matting. Mounting. Remounting

⇨ 686.5

Framing. Production of picture frames

Display methods

Handling techniques

Conservation laboratory equipment and materials

Recovery, recuperation, re-use of photographic materials, solutions, etc

Restoration of sensitive photographic material prior to exposure

Water conservation

Modern applications of historical processes

Scope Note: Use to qualify the process being emulated

◇ 772.11.028        Daguerreotype ‘look-alikes’

Kinds of photography and photograph

Documentary photography. Photographic records and their interpretation

Photographs of natural objects, visible and stationary

Photographs of copies, imitations, reconstructions of natural objects

Photographs of artificial, man-made objects   Works of art. Buildings. Machines

◇ 77.033:72 Architectural photographs

Action photography. Photographs of movement, of objects in motion

◇ 77.034:796        Sports photography

Photographs of microscopic objects. Photomicrographs

⇨ 778.315

Photomicrography (using optical microscope)

Photographs of objects not normally visible to the eye (other than microscopic objects)

Photographs of scientific phenomena (physical, chemical, biological phenomena)

Document photography. Reproduction photographs

⇨ 77.026.1

Copying and duplication

⇨ 778.1

Photocopying. Photographic reproduction and printing. Reprography

Pictorial, artistic photography. Photographs according to subject

77.04 ≅ 7.04

Portrait photography. Portraits

Reportage. News photography

◇ 77.044:656.1.08 Photographs of road traffic accidents

Nature photography (e.g. landscape photography)

Photography and exposures according to ambient conditions

Daylight exposures

Exposures by artificial light

Continuous artificial light exposures

Flashlight exposures

Exposures with combined lighting. Night exposures

Daylight with continuous artificial light

Daylight with flashlight

Continuous artificial light with flashlight

Night exposures without additional lighting

Time exposures

Instantaneous exposures. Snapshots

⇨ 778.37

High-speed and ultra-high-speed photography

Outdoor exposures

Indoor exposures

Photographs taken from the air, from underwater

Exposures from the air and from high altitudes. Aerial photographs. Bird’s-eye views

Underwater photographs

Photographs, pictures or prints according to appearance, form or size

Shadow pictures. Photograms (obtained without camera)

⇨ 741.7

Silhouettes. Scissor-cuts

Photographic copies or prints generally

⇨ 77.039

Document photography. Reproduction photographs

⇨ 778.1

Photocopying. Photographic reproduction and printing. Reprography

Positives (including transparencies)

Negatives

Black-tone photographs. Black-and-white photographs

Monochrome photographs (blue, green, brown, sepia, etc.)

Colour photographs

⇨ 778.6

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

Sizes, formats of photographs (pictures and bases)

Small or medium size

Cartes-de-visite (102 mm x 64 mm)

Square or rectangular photographs, cards, etc

Round or oval photographs, cards, etc. Disc format

Stereographs

Film gauges

Application Note: Details by asterisk (Table 1h) followed by standard abbreviation for millimetre and figure

◇ 77.068.2*mm35 35 millimetre gauge

Medium formats. Up to postcard size (105 mm x 148 mm)

Large formats

⇨ 778.123

Enlarging

Thickness

Case photographs

Photographs according to support or base material

⇨ 771.52

Bases or supports for sensitive materials

Reflection prints, images on opaque supports (e.g. on paper, card, frosted glass)   Opalotypes

Transparencies, on glass, film, etc

Photographs on metal supports

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of materials -034 (Table 1k, -03)

⇨ -034

Metals

Photographs on non-metallic mineral supports (except glass)   On porcelain, ceramics, stone

Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of materials (Table 1k, -03)

Photographs on wood or woody materials   Photographs on cork

Photographs on textiles   Pannotypes

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 677

⇨ 677

Textile industry

Photographs on skin, hide and animal materials other than textiles   Ivory types

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 675

⇨ 675

Leather industry (including fur and imitation leather)

Photographs on rubber, plastics, other synthetics

Photographs according to intermediate stages

Composite photographs

Photographs obtained by copying an original photograph. Duplicates

◇ 77.082.063        Duplicated positives

◇ 77.082.064        Duplicated negatives

⇨ 77.026.1

Copying and duplication

Prints obtained indirectly from a negative

Camera obscura drawings

Prints obtained directly. Prints from direct printing papers   Daguerreotypes

Prints obtained by reversal

Temporary records

Photographic competitions

Photographic equipment, apparatus and materials

Buildings and parts of buildings for photographic purposes

Studios

Film studios

⇨ 727

Buildings for educational, scientific, cultural purposes

⇨ 791.62

Production: technical aspects

⇨ 791.63

Production: aesthetic aspects

Photo-finishing laboratories. Developing rooms. Darkrooms. Printing rooms

Research establishments and laboratories

⇨ 001.891.5

Practical, active research

Factories. Workshops

Studio and laboratory equipment, lighting, fittings, etc

⇨ 77.026.8

Conservation laboratory equipment and materials

⇨ 771.4

Processing equipment (except exposure apparatus). Lighting. Finishing and storage equipment (for negatives and prints)

Studio equipment   Furniture. Backgrounds

⇨ 645

Furniture and household fittings

Lighting of studios   Windows. Skylights. Curtains, screens, etc.

⇨ 628.9

Lighting. Illumination engineering

Darkroom fittings. Fixed equipment for developing, fixing, washing, etc

⇨ 771.43

Developing, fixing, washing and drying equipment

Darkroom lighting and lights

Copying-room equipment. Reproduction-room equipment

Projection-room equipment. Enlarging-room equipment

Motion-picture studio (film studio), laboratory and workshop equipment

Exposure apparatus. Cameras. Enlargers

⇨ 778.53

Cinematographic filming

Cameras and other exposure apparatus

Scope Note: For cine cameras see 778.53

⇨ 681.772.2

Photographic cameras. Still cameras

Studio cameras

Portable stand cameras

Hand cameras

Plate and sheet-film cameras

Roll-film cameras

Film-pack cameras

Miniature cameras generally (including cameras using cine film for single exposure)

Multiple format cameras

Disc format cameras

Cameras according to structural design

Extension cameras

Folding cameras. Self-erecting cameras

Rigid cameras. Box cameras

Binocular cameras

⇨ 778.42

Stereoscopic cameras (stereocameras). Stereoscopic adapters, lens attachments

Panoramic cameras

⇨ 778.36

Panoramic photography

Process cameras (photomechanical cameras), for graphic arts

⇨ 778.186

Colour separations (for graphic arts or photomechanical processes)

Duplicating or copying apparatus and cameras. Enlargers

⇨ 771.42

Printing frames and machines

Contact copying apparatus

Copying cameras

Photocopying machines (using sensitized paper)

Enlargers

Stands. Supports. Holders

Focusing devices for enlargers

Devices for determining exposure time of enlargements

Special function cameras

Multiple-exposure cameras

Pinhole cameras

◇ 771.319.2:778.33        Pinhole cameras for radiography

Automatic photographic machines

⇨ 681.13

Slot machines. Vending machines. Automats

Camera obscura

Astronomical and photogrammetric cameras

⇨ 520.33

Photographic instruments and equipment

⇨ 528.711.1

Photographic production of photograms in central projection

⇨ 778.32

Telephotography (including astronomical applications)

Beam-splitting cameras. One-shot beam-splitters

Cameras incorporating processing, developing devices. Instant-print cameras (e.g. Polaroid)

Plate or film holders, carriers. Dark slides. Adapters (e.g. for sheet film, to fit roll-film cameras)

Devices for daylight loading, changing and positioning

Changing devices (for plates or sheet film)

Spools for roll-film cameras

Film cassettes. Film cartridges

Film packs

Optical parts of photographic cameras

Photographic camera objectives

⇨ 535.31

Geometrical optics (theory and calculations)

⇨ 681.7.067.25

Photographic objectives

Anastigmats

Wide-angle lenses

Telephoto lenses

⇨ 778.32

Telephotography (including astronomical applications)

Portrait lenses

Process lenses

Special lenses   Soft-focus lenses

Devices for obtaining multiple images

Optical attachments except filters   Zero-power systems and attachments

⇨ 771.449

Means of controlling and modifying the lighting

Filter attachments and holders

Lens hoods. Revolving lens-hood turrets. Masks. Vignetting masks

Filter attachments and holders

Lens hoods. Revolving lens-hood turrets. Masks. Vignetting masks

Screens (for process photography). Screen attachments

Shutters. Shutter releases

Slot shutters. Roller-blind shutters

Between-lens shutters

Shutter releases

Camera accessories

Viewfinders

Distance meters. Telemeters. Rangefinders

Levels. Clinometers

Compasses

Accessories for determining exposure and quality of light. Light meters. Exposure meters

⇨ 535.24

Photometry

⇨ 681.785.4

Photometers

⇨ 77.022.5

Determination of exposure. Theory of exposure measurement

Tables of exposure times

Exposure meters

Optical exposure meters. Photometers

Photoelectric exposure meters

Colour temperature meters for photographic purposes

⇨ 535.233.5

Concepts of radiation temperature

Processing equipment (except exposure apparatus). Lighting. Finishing and storage equipment (for negatives and prints)

⇨ 77.023

Processing work. Operations following exposure (with consideration of materials used)

⇨ 771.2

Studio and laboratory equipment, lighting, fittings, etc.

Cutting and marking equipment. Glasses, masks, etc

Determination of printing time   By test strips. By photoelectric measurement

Printing frames and machines   Machines for blueprints, dyeline and other trace-printing processes

⇨ 771.318

Duplicating or copying apparatus and cameras. Enlargers

Printing frames

Printing machines. Printing boxes

Automatic machines for printing on continuous paper. Step-and-repeat machines

Developing, fixing, washing and drying equipment

Developing dishes

Developing troughs, tanks and machines

Washing equipment

Drying and glazing equipment

Lighting and light sources for exposure and printing

◇ 771.44:628.92   Natural lighting. Daylight exposure, etc.

◇ 771.44:628.93   Artificial lighting

⇨ 621.32

Electric light sources

⇨ 628.9

Lighting. Illumination engineering

Continuous artificial lighting. Lamps or other light sources

Flash lighting. Flashlight sources

Flash powders (magnesium, aluminium, etc.)

⇨ 662.124

Flares for photographic flashlight

Igniting devices for flash powders

Flashbulbs

Electronic flash

Means of controlling and modifying the lighting   Reflectors. Diffusers. Filters

⇨ 771.355

Optical attachments except filters

⇨ 771.534.25

Filter factors

Finishing and mounting equipment. Equipment for retouching, tinting, etc. Presses

⇨ 77.024

Finishing of negatives and prints

Storage, filing, display and viewing equipment

⇨ 77.026

Conservation

Photographic materials, negative and positive. Emulsion vehicles. Bases or supports. Sensitized materials and their characteristics

⇨ 77.021

Manufacture of light-sensitive, photosensitive materials. Treatment prior to exposure

Emulsion vehicles (nonsensitive materials used in production of light-sensitive layers)

Bases or supports for sensitive materials

⇨ 77.07

Photographs according to support or base material

Glass bases

Paper bases

Plastics bases

Metal bases

Special stripping or transfer materials as temporary bases or supports

⇨ 77.021.57

Stripping coatings

Hydrophobic, water-resistant paper bases. Resin-coated, plastics-coated papers

Light-sensitive, photosensitive materials

Kinds of light-sensitive material

⇨ 77.021.12

Special emulsions and mixtures of emulsions

Plates

Wet collodion plates

Dry plates

Screen plates

Papers

Printing-out papers. Daylight papers

Salted papers

Albumen papers

Collodio-chloride papers

Self-toning papers

Arrowroot papers

Developing-out papers

Silver gelatin papers

Chloride papers

Bromide papers

Chloro-bromide papers

Solar prints

Double-coated papers (papers coated on both sides)   X-ray papers

Special-purpose papers

Resin-coated papers

Non-silver papers

Carbon tissue

Papers with special sensitivity   Sensitivity to heat. Sensitivity to pressure

Negative papers

Special papers   Recording papers

Developer-incorporated papers

Films

Film in roll form

Film in sheet form (including film packs)

Film in disc form

Cine film (motion-picture film)

Standard-gauge cine film (35 mm)

Narrow-gauge cine film (e.g. 8 mm, 9.5 mm, 16 mm)

Wide-gauge cine film (e.g. 70 mm)

Special films

◇ 771.531.37:778.33      X-ray film

◇ 771.531.37:778.35      Film for aerial photography. Aero film

Developer-incorporated film

Coatings on flexible metal sheet

Uncoated emulsions

Properties of undeveloped light-sensitive preparations after exposure

Chemical properties

Sensitivity

⇨ 535.217

Chemical effects of light. Actinism. Actinology

⇨ 544.525

Photosensitivity. Photosensitization

General sensitivity

Sensitization. Increasing of sensitivity by various means (especially digestion and chemical sensitization)

◇ 771.534.13:546.593    Gold sensitization

Hypersensitization (of coated products)

Spectral sensitivity. Optical sensitization

⇨ 535.232.6

Properties of radiation receiver. Radiation measurement (except photometry and colour measurement)

Hypersensitization (of coated products)

Spectral sensitivity. Optical sensitization

⇨ 535.232.6

Properties of radiation receiver. Radiation measurement (except photometry and colour measurement)

Sensitization by means of dyes

⇨ 77.021.13

Special additions to emulsions and light-sensitive mixtures

Sensitization for specific spectral regions

Without special colour sensitivity. Blue sensitization

Orthochromatic sensitization (extending to yellow)

Panchromatic sensitization (extending to red)

Special ultraviolet (UV) sensitization

Infrared (IR) sensitization

Supersensitization

Filter factors

⇨ 771.449

Means of controlling and modifying the lighting

Control of spectral sensitivity by screening dyes

⇨ 77.021.56

Light-filter coatings

Desensitization

⇨ 77.021.13

Special additions to emulsions and light-sensitive mixtures

Desensitization by means of dyes

Sensitivity measurements. Sensitometry

⇨ 535.24

Photometry

Systems of sensitometry

Scope Note: Class here systems such as ASA, DIN, ISO, Hurter-Driffield, Scheiner, Warnerke

Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h)

Sensitometers   Black-and-white sensitometers. Colour sensitometers

Density law. Characteristic curves. Densitometry and densitometers

Sensitometric parameters, characteristics. Sensitometric contrast. Gradation. Gamma values. Range, latitude of exposure

⇨ 771.537

Properties of the image area. Picture quality in general

Various effects due to exposure to excessive radiations   Herschel, Becquerel, Villard effects

Base fog level

⇨ 77.018.44

Discoloration of areas containing silver

Latent image. Reactions of silver nuclei

◇ 771.535.018.41 Destruction of the latent image. Regression. Fading

Properties of the non-image areas (substrata and supports) after processing

Properties of the image area. Picture quality in general

⇨ 77.023.415

Development influencing sensitometric properties and the properties of the developed image

⇨ 771.534.54

Sensitometric parameters, characteristics. Sensitometric contrast. Gradation. Gamma values. Range, latitude of exposure

Optical properties of the image area   Colour

Structural properties of the image area   Grain. Granular structure

◇ 771.537.3:539.2 Microstructure of the photographic image

Tonal rendering   Density. Contrast. Density range

Rendering of detail. Definition   Resolution. Sharpness. Halation. Development effects. Edge effects

Chemical properties of the developed image   Bleaching. Fading. Keeping qualities

⇨ 77.018

Permanence

Photographic chemicals, solutions and finishing materials

⇨ 661.14

Photochemical materials (other than plates, films, papers)

⇨ 77.023

Processing work. Operations following exposure (with consideration of materials used)

⇨ 773.71

Diazo processes. Diazotype

Baths and solutions generally   Composition. Preparation. Water quality

Developers. Developing agents and additions

◇ 771.72.023.41.019      Defects in developers for chemical processes

◇ 771.72.027        Regeneration of developers. Replenishers

Buffers. Sequestering agents

Black-and-white developers

◇ 771.722:771.537.6      Developers for influencing resolution

Colour developers

Colour developers for materials already containing the colour coupler

Colour couplers

Developer additions   Accelerators

Chemicals for stopping baths (stopping agents). Stopping baths

Stabilizers

Fixers. Fixing solutions

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 546

◇ 771.74:546.33`223.2   Sodium thiosulphate (‘hypo’)

⇨ 546

Inorganic chemistry

Washing aids   Hypo clearing agents. Hypo eliminators

Salt solutions

Toning, bleaching, reducing and intensifying agents

Toning agents. Toners

Bleaching agents. Bleaches

Reducing agents. Reducers

Intensifying agents. Intensifiers

Chemicals and baths for printing and other finishing processes

◇ 771.78:667.2     Dyes. Mordants

◇ 771.78:667.4/.5 Inks

Other photographic chemicals, solutions   Hardeners

Photographic systems, processes (especially those using inorganic substances or physical phenomena)

Processes based on the photochemical action of metallic salts

Silver group   Silver. Copper. Mercury

Processes using a suitably treated silver plate   Daguerreotype

Processes using silver salts on plain or coated paper   Calotype

Processes using silver salts in a coating (except collodion), sensitized by bathing

Collodion processes

Processes using silver salt emulsions

Processes using collodion emulsions

Processes using gelatin emulsions

Silver image transfer

Processes using mixtures of silver salts and reducing agents   Dry silver process

⇨ 778.143

Hard copy enlargements of microforms

Processes using copper salts

Processes using mercury salts

Other processes using silver group metallic salts   Photosolubility processes and photochromic processes using silver halides

Processes using metals other than silver group

Simple ferroprussiate paper processes (blueprint, cyanotype processes)

Ferroprussiate processes using a colloidal substance. Cyanofer processes with gum containing an iron salt

Ferrogallic processes

Manganese salt processes

Cobalt salt processes

Processes using metals other than the silver and iron groups

Processes using platinum group

Processes using chromium group

Processes using lead group metals

Processes using tin group metals

Processes using vanadium group metals

Processes using magnesium group metals

Processes using physical phenomena

⇨ 778.34

Photography by radiation other than light, X-rays and gamma-rays

Electrography. Electrophotography. Electroradiography

◇ 772.93.02 Electrographic operations (and associated equipment)

◇ 772.93.03 Electrographic records according to the kind of original

◇ 772.93.06 Electrographic records according to appearance, form or size of carrier, paper, etc.

Electrostatic recording and printing (using dielectrics)

Electrophotography and electroradiography (using photoelectric effect in semiconductors). Xerography. Electrofax. Xeroradiography

Electrographic machines and equipment

Recording of images using electrochemical and electrothermal phenomena

Thermography

Photographic systems or processes using organic compounds

⇨ 774

Photomechanical processes generally

⇨ 778.6

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

Carbon processes

Processes using mixtures sensitized with chromium salts

Without transfer

Carbon processes using chemical transfer   Ozotype. Ozobrome. Carbro prints

Processes using mixtures sensitized with iron salts

Dusting-on processes (powder processes)

Differential tanning, dyeing, imbibition

Oil printing

Dye processes

Processes using chromium salts

Processes using chromium and vanadium salts

Enamels. Photoceramics

Processes using dye-forming organic compounds and light-sensitive dyes. Dyeline processes

Diazo processes. Diazotype

⇨ 771.7

Photographic chemicals, solutions and finishing materials

General photochemistry and physics of diazo processes

Diazo compounds and other agents used in diazotype

⇨ 77.021.1

Manufacture of light-sensitive materials. Emulsions, additions, etc.

⇨ 771.728

Developer additions

Light-sensitive diazo compounds

Coupling components

Agents for modifying physical characteristics of coating or developing solutions (single components)

⇨ 77.021.13

Special additions to emulsions and light-sensitive mixtures

Humidifying agents. Wetting agents. Agents for increasing the rate of development

Agents for modifying the physical or chemical nature of the developed image   Toners. Mordants

Compounds used in developing diazo prints. Developers and additions

Diazotype with azo dye formation

Single-component positive processes

Two-component positive processes

Processes involving transfer of image during development

Negative processes

Multicolour diazotype processes

Diazotype without azo dye formation

Colloid hardening

Metallic reduction

End effects   Vesicular image or Kalvar process

Photomechanical processes using diazo compounds

Bases for diazotype   Preparation for use

Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 771.52

⇨ 77.07

Photographs according to support or base material

⇨ 771.52

Bases or supports for sensitive materials

Diazotype reflex processes

⇨ 778.112

Reflex copying

Diazotype halftone processes

Leuco-base processes

Light-sensitive dye processes (bleach-out processes)

Silver-dye bleach processes

Inking, pigment application processes   Bromoil process. Bromoil transfer process

Light-sensitive colloid, resin and polymer processes generally

Dichromated processes

Photomechanical processes of reproduction. Photolitography. Photogravure

Photomechanical processes generally

⇨ 655.22

Production of printing surfaces (except composing)

⇨ 773

Photographic systems or processes using organic compounds

⇨ 778.18

Reproduction or process photography

Preparation of supports generally

Photomechanical sensitizing generally

Exposure to light   Stripping (washing out). Preparing plate for printing

Transfer processes   Offset printing

Processes for colour printing (i.e. multicolour printing)

⇨ 776.8

Processes for colour photolithography (i.e. multicolour photolithography)

⇨ 777.18

Processes for colour photogravure (i.e. multicolour photogravure) printing

⇨ 777.28

Processes for colour relief printing (i.e. multicolour relief printing)

⇨ 778.68

Colour rendering. Colour fidelity (and lack of fidelity) in photographic reproduction

Planographic processes using colloidal layers

Collotype

Photolithography. Photographic production of planographic plates

◇ 776.073   Processes using metal surfaces. Photozincography, etc.

◇ 776.075   Processes using non-metallic mineral surfaces, e.g. stone

◇ 776.079   Processes using plastic surfaces

⇨ 655.226

Production of flat, planographic printing surfaces. Lithography

⇨ 763

Planographic techniques. Lithography (autolithography)

Photolithographic processes according to sensitive material

Process using dichromated (bichromated) colloids

Processes using light-sensitive bitumen, asphalt

Processes using silver halide emulsions

Processes using light-sensitive diazo compounds

Preparation of support. Graining

Preparation of sensitive surface. Sensitizing

Exposure to light   Step-and-repeat techniques

Stripping (washing out)

Preparing plate for printing   Desensitizing. Etching to affect moisture-retaining properties

Transfer processes for photolithographic images

⇨ 655.34

Planographic printing

Processes for rendering tonal gradation (halftone processes)

◇ 776.7:777.3       Screen processes (halftone screening)

Processes for colour photolithography (i.e. multicolour photolithography)

⇨ 774.8

Processes for colour printing (i.e. multicolour printing)

Intaglio and relief processes. Photogravure. Letterpress or relief plates (line and halftone blocks)

Photographic processes for production of intaglio plates

⇨ 655.224

Production of recessed, intaglio printing surfaces. Gravure

⇨ 762

Intaglio techniques

Intaglio processes according to sensitive material

Photogravure using resists

Production of halftone printing surfaces

Preparation of support

Etching

Retouching of the etched surface

Graining. Screen processes   Photoglyphy

777.18

Processes for colour photogravure (i.e. multicolour photogravure) printing

⇨ 774.8

Processes for colour printing (i.e. multicolour printing)

Photographic processes for production of relief plates (line and halftone blocks)

◇ 777.2:621.357.7 Electroplating of relief plates

⇨ 655.225

Production of original relief printing surfaces. Process engraving

⇨ 761

Relief techniques

Relief processes according to sensitive material

Exposure to light

Stripping (washing out)

Etching

Processes for rendering tonal gradation (halftone processes)

◇ 777.27:777.3     Screen processes (halftone screening)

Processes for colour relief printing (i.e. multicolour relief printing)

⇨ 774.8

Processes for colour printing (i.e. multicolour printing)

Translating continuous tone into discontinuous tone elements. Screen negatives

⇨ 774.7

Processes for rendering tonal gradation (halftone processes)

⇨ 776.7

Processes for rendering tonal gradation (halftone processes)

⇨ 777.17

Graining. Screen processes

⇨ 777.27

Processes for rendering tonal gradation (halftone processes)

Reticulation processes

Halftone screen processes. Screens and their manufacture   Line screens (e.g. crossline screens). Grained screens. Variable-density and contact screens

⇨ 77.024.1

Retouching for special effects

Production of discontinuous tone by photoelectric scanning

⇨ 621.383

Photoelectric tubes and cells

Duplication, reproduction of plates

⇨ 655.22

Production of printing surfaces (except composing)

⇨ 681.617

Machines and equipment for production of relief printing surfaces

Moulding processes   Woodbury type

Photofiligranes (Woodbury). Imitation watermarks. Lithophany, etc

⇨ 676.026.74

Patterning

Photosculpture. Processes for making photographs in relief, models, etc

Special applications and techniques of photography

◇ 778:61     Medical photography

Photocopying. Photographic reproduction and printing. Reprography

⇨ 655.392

Electrostatic printing and similar processes

⇨ 681.6

Graphic reproduction machines and equipment

⇨ 77.026.1

Copying and duplication

⇨ 77.039

Document photography. Reproduction photographs

⇨ 771.317

Process cameras (photomechanical cameras), for graphic arts

⇨ 771.318

Duplicating or copying apparatus and cameras. Enlargers

Contact printing and copying

◇ 778.11:772.21   Copying by ferroprussiate processes (blueprint, cyanotype)

◇ 778.11:773.7     Copying by dyeline processes (e.g. diazotype)

Transmission printing (with light passing through the original)

Reflex copying

⇨ 773.716

Diazotype reflex processes

Projection printing and copying

Same-size copying

Enlarging

⇨ 77.068.4

Large formats

⇨ 771.318.5

Enlargers

Reduction

Microcopying. Microphotographic technique and equipment

◇ 778.14:002        Microcopying in documentation

◇ 778.14.071        Micro-opaques (e.g. on paper or card). Microcards

◇ 778.14.072        Microtransparencies (e.g. on glass or film). Microfilm

Microcopies. Microphotographs (on roll, sheet, fiche, etc.)

Hard copy enlargements of microforms

⇨ 772.16

Processes using mixtures of silver salts and reducing agents

Reading apparatus. Microfilm readers

⇨ 778.27

Projectors: various types

Projection-type microform readers

◇ 778.148.2:778.274      Diascopic readers

Direct-viewing readers

Special methods for modifying the image

⇨ 771.537

Properties of the image area. Picture quality in general

Geometrical modifications   Rectification. Distortion

Texture effects

Modification of tonal range

Tone separation

Tone separation by masking   Person process

Tone separation by special development

Reproduction or process photography

⇨ 655.22

Production of printing surfaces (except composing)

⇨ 774

Photomechanical processes generally

⇨ 776

Photolithography. Photographic production of planographic plates

⇨ 777

Intaglio and relief processes. Photogravure. Letterpress or relief plates (line and halftone blocks)

Process photography according to kind of photographic image or picture

Halftone process photography

Line process photography

Crossline process photography

Process photography according to photographic material used

Process photography on dry plate, film, or negative paper

Process photography on wet plate

Process photography on collodion-emulsion plate

Colour separations (for graphic arts or photomechanical processes)

⇨ 771.317

Process cameras (photomechanical cameras), for graphic arts

⇨ 778.6

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

Other copying, reproducing and printing techniques   Printing by scanning. Electronic printing

Projection. Projectors and screens

⇨ 681.775

Projectors

⇨ 778.45

Stereoscopic projection

⇨ 778.55

Cinematographic projection and projectors

⇨ 791.42

Films appealing to specific social groups

Mechanical parts of projection equipment

⇨ 778.27

Projectors: various types

Optical parts of projection equipment   Lenses. Condensers

Special light sources

◇ 778.23:621.326 Incandescent lamps for projection

Projection screens

Lantern slides. Positive transparencies. Film strips

Lantern slides on glass

Film strips

Lantern slides on film

Accessories for making slides

Various accessories   Framing devices for slides

Projectors: various types

⇨ 681.775.2

Still projectors

⇨ 778.21

Mechanical parts of projection equipment

Diascopes (slide projectors), for transparencies

Episcopes (for opaques)

Epidiascopes (for transparencies or opaques)

Techniques with mainly scientific applications

Techniques in which the object is photographed on an enlarged scale

⇨ 537.533.35

Electron microscopy

⇨ 57.086.2

Optical microscopy techniques

⇨ 57.086.3

Electron microscopy techniques

⇨ 681.72

Magnifiers. Microscopes

Photomacrography (magnifications up to 10 times)

Photomicrography (using optical microscope)

⇨ 77.035

Photographs of microscopic objects. Photomicrographs

Electron micrography

⇨ 621.385.833

Electron microscopes. Diffraction cameras

Telephotography (including astronomical applications)

⇨ 520.33

Photographic instruments and equipment

⇨ 771.319.5

Astronomical and photogrammetric cameras

⇨ 771.351.4

Telephoto lenses

X-ray and gamma-ray photography. Radiography

⇨ 621.386

X-ray apparatus. X-ray tubes

Radiographic apparatus

Intensifying screens

Scope Note: Class here photographic uses only. For fluorescent screens in general see 535.371.07

Photography by radiation other than light, X-rays and gamma-rays

⇨ 772.9

Processes using physical phenomena

Ultraviolet-ray (UVR) photography

Infrared-ray (IRR) photography

Photography using particle beams, corpuscular radiation   Ionography. Electronography. Autoradiography

◇ 778.347:539.163         Autoradiography and autoradiographs (records of radionuclides in tracer work)

⇨ 77.026.13

Copying and duplication by autoradiography

Aerial photography

Scope Note: For photogrammetry see 528.7

Panoramic photography

⇨ 771.316

Panoramic cameras

High-speed and ultra-high-speed photography

⇨ 77.055

Instantaneous exposures. Snapshots

⇨ 778.534.8

Running speed. Taking frequency. Frame frequency

Holography (photographic aspects)   Special photographic materials. Techniques for preparing holograms

Stereophotography. Flat photographic reproduction with effect of solidity or relief

⇨ 612.843.7

Visual perception

⇨ 777.7

Photosculpture. Processes for making photographs in relief, models, etc.

⇨ 778.534.1

Stereoscopic cinematography. Other methods producing spatial effect. Wide-screen and panoramic systems

Stereophotographic image separation and recombination

Stereoscopic cameras (stereocameras). Stereoscopic adapters, lens attachments

⇨ 771.315

Binocular cameras

Making, processing, finishing of stereoscopic photographs   Stereoscopic prints. Stereo pairs

Stereoscopic viewers   Stereoscopes. Stereoscopic spectacles

Stereoscopic projection

Cinematography. Motion-picture photography

⇨ 791

Cinema. Films (motion pictures)

Early and primitive animated pictures (including drawings and other nonphotographic forms)   Flickers. Mutoscopes. Zoetropes

Photographs at fixed intervals, allowing reconstitution of motion. Chronophotography

⇨ 778.534.8

Running speed. Taking frequency. Frame frequency

⇨ 778.82

Multiple photographs of the same object (not intended for reconstitution of motion)

Cinematographic filming   Exposure, registration (takes, shots)

⇨ 681.772.3

Cinematographic cameras (cine cameras)

⇨ 778.55

Cinematographic projection and projectors

Capturing of motion picture images without sound record (silent filming)

Cameras with intermittent film movement

Cameras with continuous film movement

Camera parts and details

Film channel, guide. Film feed, transport. Feed rollers, sprocket wheels

Film gate

Shutter

Film magazines. Film reels

Film take-up and rewind devices

Operating mechanisms (mechanical, electric, etc.)

Special kinds, systems and methods of cinematography

Stereoscopic cinematography. Other methods producing spatial effect. Wide-screen and panoramic systems

⇨ 778.4

Stereophotography. Flat photographic reproduction with effect of solidity or relief

Colour cinematography (multicolour cinematography)

⇨ 778.6

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

Cinematography with endless film loop

Sound record of film. Sound film

⇨ 681.84.083.5

Optical sound recording

Sound record separate from film

Sound film (with sound track on the film). Optical and magnetic sound tracks

Stereophonic sound film. Stereophonic sound tracks (optical and magnetic)

Synchronization of picture and sound. Post-synchronization. Dubbing. Rerecording. Sound mixing

⇨ 778.588.8

Subsequent overprinting of captions and sound track

Trick film work. Special effects   Animated cartoons

Production of composite pictures (e.g. using front or back projection)

Running speed. Taking frequency. Frame frequency

⇨ 778.37

High-speed and ultra-high-speed photography

⇨ 778.52

Photographs at fixed intervals, allowing reconstitution of motion. Chronophotography

Filming of titles and subtitles

Direct viewing apparatus for pictures of moving objects

Cinematographic projection and projectors

⇨ 681.775.5

Cinematographic projectors

⇨ 688.746

Equipment for cinemas. Accessories for presenting films

⇨ 791.65

Exhibition. Transmission

Projectors with intermittent film movement

Projectors with continuous film movement

Projector parts and details

778.553 ≅ 778.533

Special methods of projection

778.554 ≅ 778.534

Test films

Treatment of cinematograph film

Splicing, cutting, joining, etc

Perforation of printed film

Alteration of the picture

Lubrication

⇨ 77.018.67

Lubrication

Copying, printing of cine film. Copying of internegatives and duplicate negatives   Equipment. Laboratories. Copies, prints

Contact printing. Contact copying machines and their parts

Optical printing. Reduction. Enlargement

Fades and wipes. Equipment for printing fades and wipes

Copying, printing of optical sound tracks

Subsequent overprinting of captions and sound track

Colour photography (multicolour photography)

⇨ 535.6

Colours and their properties. Colour theory

⇨ 77.023.415.5

Development influencing image colour

⇨ 77.067

Colour photographs

⇨ 773

Photographic systems or processes using organic compounds

⇨ 778.186

Colour separations (for graphic arts or photomechanical processes)

⇨ 778.534.2

Colour cinematography (multicolour cinematography)

Monochrome colour processes

Toning. Dyeing. Mordanting

Coloured residual images

Wash-off reliefs (tanned)

Dye-bleach processes

Chromogenic development

⇨ 771.725

Colour developers

⇨ 771.726

Colour couplers

Direct colour photography processes

⇨ 771.319.6

Beam-splitting cameras. One-shot beam-splitters

Processes using interference   Lippmann’s process

Processes using prismatic dispersion

Processes using diffraction

Additive colour processes

Screen processes for colour photography

Stencil processes

Additive superposition of monochrome photographs

⇨ 535.623

Additive colour mixing

⇨ 771.319.6

Beam-splitting cameras. One-shot beam-splitters

Two-colour additive processes

778.66

Subtractive colour processes

Production of coloured images on multilayer films by separate treatment of the individual layers

Production of coloured images on multilayer films with simultaneous colour formation in all layers

Colour pictures obtained by superposed printing of separation positives. Dye imbibition processes

Formation of coloured image by bleaching-out of mixture of dyes in an emulsion. Dye degradation processes   Dye-bleach processes

Dye diffusion transfer processes

Two-colour subtractive processes

Copying of colour photographs

⇨ 77.026.14

Copying and duplication of colour originals

Copying screen plates and screen films

Copying colour positives, including reversal pictures

Copying colour negatives

Colour rendering. Colour fidelity (and lack of fidelity) in photographic reproduction

⇨ 774.8

Processes for colour printing (i.e. multicolour printing)

Physical and chemical factors in colour fidelity   Colour bias

⇨ 535.67

Colour rendering

Physiological and psychological factors in colour fidelity

⇨ 159.937.51

Perception of colours. Colour as visual sensation. Psychological theory of colour

⇨ 612.84

Physiological optics. Sight (vision)

Photography with multiple or continuous exposures. Trick photography. Illusions, etc

Distorted photographs. Trick photography

Multiple photographs of the same object (not intended for reconstitution of motion)

⇨ 778.52

Photographs at fixed intervals, allowing reconstitution of motion. Chronophotography

Superimposed photographs of similar objects or persons for visualization of common characteristics

Digital imaging. Digital photography   CGI