| 00 | Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture. Propaedeutics ⇨ 008 Civilization. Culture. Progress ⇨ 130.2 Philosophy of culture. Cultural systems. Theory of cultural complexes ⇨ 165 Theory of knowledge. Epistemology |
| 001 | Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work ◇ 001:061.1(100) International governmental scientific organizations, e.g. UNESCO |
| 001.1 | Concepts of science and knowledge ⇨ 165 Theory of knowledge. Epistemology |
| 001.101 | Knowledge |
| 001.102 | Information |
| 001.103 | Data ⇨ 004.22 Data representation |
| 001.103.2 | Metadata |
| 001.11 | Definition of concepts. Nature, purpose, essence of knowledge |
| 001.12 | Character of the objects examined by knowledge Realities. Phenomena. Facts. Circumstances |
| 001.123 | Origin and causes of phenomena |
| 001.124 | Properties and effects of phenomena |
| 001.124.2 | Useful, desirable effects |
| 001.124.4 | Non-useful, undesirable effects |
| 001.126 | Application and utilization of phenomena |
| 001.18 | Future of knowledge Prediction. Forecasting. Futurology |
| 001.19 | Knowledge and the unknowable. Limits of knowledge |
| 001.2 | Relations between individual disciplines ⇨ 001.82 Study of organization ⇨ 025.4 Classification and indexing ⇨ 168.2 Division. Analysis. Classification |
| 001.3 | Significance of science and knowledge in general Value, utilization, status, defence and appreciation |
| 001.31 | Advancement, promotion of science and knowledge in general |
| 001.32 | Learned, scientific societies. Academies ◇ 001.32(410) Learned societies in the UK (e.g. The Royal Society) ◇ 001.32(450) Learned societies in Italy (e.g. Accademia dei Lincei) ⇨ 061.2 Nongovernmental organizations and cooperation |
| 001.35 | Criticisms of science. Objections to science |
| 001.4 | Specialist terminology. Scientific nomenclature ⇨ (083.72) Nomenclatures ⇨ 003.62 Signs and symbols other than scripts |
| 001.5 | Scientific theories. Hypotheses, systems Tracing of relationships between scientific facts ⇨ 162 Process of illation. Reasoning. Inference. Conclusion |
| 001.51 | Processes in the formation of hypotheses, systems |
| 001.53 | Comparative presentation ⇨ (083.77) Comparative presentation |
| 001.6 | Scientific laws Ideal cases. Exceptions ⇨ 113 General laws of nature |
| 001.8 | Methodology General study of method. Technical and scientific procedures in study, research, discussion. Analysis and synthesis |
| 001.81 | Technique of intellectual work |
| 001.811 | General issues regarding techniques of intellectual work Rules for citations, quotations, bibliographic references. Format of stationery |
| 001.812 | Working materials ⇨ 003.5 Writing materials and equipment ⇨ 005.936 Physical assets. Property. Facilities ⇨ 686.8 Office equipment. Stationery. Writing, drawing and artists’ accessories |
| 001.813 | Cuttings ⇨ (04) Non-serial separates. Separata ⇨ 025.17 Treatment of special materials |
| 001.814 | Assembling of references. Research Contents lists. Extracts. Summaries. Preliminary drafts, rough copy for literary work ⇨ 019.9 Bibliographies and catalogues according to their own characteristics as publications ⇨ 025.32 Principles of cataloguing. Entries |
| 001.815 | Production of indexes Author indexes. Subject indexes ⇨ 014.5 Concordances ⇨ 019.96 According to arrangement of entries ⇨ 025.347 Alphabetic indexes |
| 001.816 | Work concerned with printing and publication Author’s directions to compositor or printer. Manuscripts. Proofs ⇨ 655.253 Creation of information medium for typesetting. Physical production of copy (e.g. handwritten, typed, by information storage devices) ⇨ 655.52 Relations between publisher and author. Size of edition or print run. Royalties. Revised editions. Free copies, etc. ⇨ 808.2 Editing. Adapting and arranging copy for publication |
| 001.817 | Lecture work Compilation and arrangement of lectures, dissertations ⇨ 069.1 Aims. Purpose. Utility ⇨ 808.5 Rhetoric of speech. Art or technique of oral expression ⇨ 82-5 Oratory. Speeches |
| 001.818 | Evaluation, writing up of results Presentation of information. Technique of report writing ⇨ (047) Reports. Notices. Bulletins ⇨ (062.551) Reports on activities. Bulletins |
| 001.82 | Study of organization Methodology. Analysis. Synthesis. Classification. Systematization ⇨ 025.4 Classification and indexing ⇨ 168.2 Division. Analysis. Classification |
| 001.83 | Intellectual cooperation. Exchange of ideas |
| 001.85 | Scientific criticism |
| 001.86 | Concordances ⇨ 014.5 Concordances ⇨ 27-272 Biblical concordances |
| 001.87 | Case studies (as a subject), their compilation and use |
| 001.89 | Organization of science and scientific work ⇨ 001.82 Study of organization ⇨ 007 Systems science and systems theory. Information and communication theory. Control theory (cybernetics) ⇨ 351.854 Supervision of science, arts, literature |
| 001.891 | Scientific research Research methods ⇨ 069.8 Research in museums ⇨ 303.4 Kinds of investigation. Research strategies. Investigation design |
| 001.891.3 | Theoretical research |
| 001.891.5 | Practical, active research Experiments. Tests |
| 001.891.53 | Laboratory tests |
| 001.891.54 | Testing on models. Model tests |
| 001.891.55 | Field tests. Workfloor, in situ tests |
| 001.891.58 | Testing after modification, conversion, improvement |
| 001.891.7 | Observational research Field work. Observation in the field |
| 001.892 | Development |
| 001.893 | Control. Supervision |
| 001.894 | Inventions and discoveries Techniques of inventing. Work in preparation of patenting and realization of inventions Application Note: Details by colon combination and/or common auxiliaries of form (Table 1d) ◇ 001.894:621.11 Invention of the steam engine ◇ 001.894:621.636(088.8) Invention of cross-flow fans – patents ◇ 001.894:778.5 Invention of cinematography ⇨ (088.8) Patents and similar documents ⇨ 347.77 Industrial, commercial, scientific property and ownership. Patent and trade-mark law. Registration of designs, plans, business names, etc. |
| 001.894.2 | Useful and profitable, applied inventions and discoveries |
| 001.894.4 | Failed, unsuccessful inventions and discoveries |
| 001.894.6 | Suppressed, withheld inventions and discoveries |
| 001.894.8 | Forgotten inventions and discoveries |
| 001.895 | Innovations |
| 001.9 | Dissemination of ideas |
| 001.91 | Generalization. Extension of applicability |
| 001.92 | Dissemination of factual knowledge Popularization of science ⇨ 001.31 Advancement, promotion of science and knowledge in general |
| 001.94 | Reported phenomena not yet fully explained ◇ 001.94:633 Unexplained phenomena affecting field crops. Including: Crop circles ◇ 001.94(410.518NES) Loch Ness Monster ◇ 001.94UFO Unidentified flying objects (UFOs). ‘Flying saucers’ ⇨ 133 The paranormal. The occult. Psi phenomena |
| 001.95 | Deliberate scientific deceptions and hoaxes ◇ 001.95:599.89(410.126PIL) Eoanthropus Dawsonii (Piltdown Man) ⇨ (089.5) Frauds. Deceptions. Literary, artistic, scientific hoaxes |
| 001.97 | Pseudo-scientific prophecies, fancies ‘Death ray’ ⇨ 133 The paranormal. The occult. Psi phenomena ⇨ 159.961 Parapsychology. Psychic phenomena and research ⇨ 398.4 The supernatural ⇨ 82-311.9 Scientific novels. Science fiction |
| 001.98 | Falsification of science False doctrines, fallacies (due to insufficient knowledge, bigotry, excessive zeal, etc.) |
| 001.99 | Obstruction of and obstacles to the spread of ideas Non-dissemination. Secrecy ⇨ 098.1 Prohibited books ⇨ 343.534 Industrial espionage. Betrayal of scientific, industrial, trade secrets ⇨ 347.775 Trade secrets. Secret processes |
| 002 | Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship ⇨ 003 Writing systems and scripts ⇨ 005.92 Records management ⇨ 01 Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues ⇨ 02 Librarianship ⇨ 37.091 Organization of educational establishments ⇨ 659.2 Information work. Advisory and consultancy services |
| 002.1 | Documents (embodiments of information), as subject Scope Note: Documents are here understood in the widest sense as embodiments of information i.e. any source of information, in material form, capable of being used for reference or study or as an authority. These can include book and non-book material, printed or digital as well |
| 002.2 | Total literary output Of persons, on subjects, of countries ◇ 002.2(494)(083.41) Statistics of literary output in Switzerland |
| 002.6 | Documentation centres 002.6.01/.05 ≅ 06.01/.05 ◇ 002.6:061 Documentation centres in organizations and institutions ◇ 002.6(1-4) National documentation centres ◇ 002.6(100) International documentation centres ⇨ 005.572 Consultation. Advice ⇨ 026 Special libraries ⇨ 366.61 Consumer counselling |
| 003 | Writing systems and scripts Signs and symbols. Codes. Graphic representation ⇨ 091 Manuscripts ⇨ 159.946.4 Graphic expression. Reading ⇨ 519.76 Semiotics. Mathematical theory of systems of symbols. Mathematical linguistics ⇨ 744.9 Ornamental, heraldic and display lettering. Signwriting (e.g. for posters, shop signs) ⇨ 81`22 General theory of signs in relation to linguistics. Semiology. Semiotics |
| 003.01/.09 | Special auxiliary subdivision for writing systems and scripts |
| 003.01 | Origins, precursors of scripts. Early forms of scripts |
| 003.02 | Emergence of writing |
| 003.03 | Graphic expression of language |
| 003.031 | Order of letters or characters. Enumeration of signs and symbols |
| 003.032 | Names of letters. Acrophony |
003.033 | Conversion of script by decree, for native speakers of the language ◇ 811.512.161:003.344.033 Romanization of Turkish (by decree) in 1928 |
| 003.034 | Transliteration Scope Note: Representation of graphemes of source script by graphemes of target script ◇ 003.332.4.034:003.344 Transliteration of Hebrew script into Roman script |
| 003.035 | Transcription Scope Note: Representation of sounds of source language by graphemes of target language and script ◇ 003.324.1.035:003.349.3 Transcription of Chinese into Russian Cyrillic |
| 003.038 | Adaptation of a script to different languages and dialects By adding special letters, diacritical marks |
| 003.05 | Means of producing signs and scripts ⇨ 003.5 Writing materials and equipment |
| 003.052 | Handwriting using hand and fingers only |
| 003.053 | Handwriting with devices |
| 003.055 | Printing means Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 681.615, 681.616 and 681.62 ⇨ 681.615 Machines and equipment for production of type. Printing type ⇨ 681.616 Composing or typesetting machines and equipment ⇨ 681.62 Graphic reproduction machines. Printing machines. Auxiliary machinery for printing |
| 003.056 | Keyboarding. Typewriting Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 004.3 and 681.612/.613 ⇨ 004.35 Peripherals. Input-output units ⇨ 681.612 Typewriters in general ⇨ 681.613 Specialized typewriters, according to purpose |
| 003.057 | Stamping, etc Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 681.626 ⇨ 681.626 Stamping, numbering, date-marking devices |
| 003.07 | Uses and styles of writing |
| 003.071 | Epigraphy Epigraphic writing. Inscriptions. Monumental script. Lapidary style ⇨ 930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences |
| 003.072 | Palaeography Palaeographic writing ⇨ 930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences |
| 003.074 | Diplomatic writing Writing of records, charters and acts. Official scripts ⇨ 930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences |
| 003.075 | Book script. Script for publication ⇨ 655 Graphic industries. Printing. Publishing. Book trade |
| 003.076 | Handwriting. Cursive writing ⇨ 159.925.6 Graphology |
| 003.077 | Calligraphy Decorative, ornamental script ⇨ 091.01 Script. Writing of manuscripts |
| 003.079 | Unofficial inscription or application of writing or images |
| 003.08 | Characteristics of writing ⇨ 655.24 Type styles. Characters |
| 003.081 | Formation. Basic signs. Characters, letters Capital letters (majuscules). Small letters (minuscules). Alphabets. Combinations, digraphs, ligatures |
| 003.082 | Diacritics. Accents Diaeresis. Umlaut. Tilde. Grave |
| 003.083 | Abbreviations Logograms. Sigla. Acronyms ⇨ 003.6 Other kinds of graphic representation of thought |
| 003.084 | Word formation Syllable separation ⇨ 81`352 Vowel and diphthong representation |
003.085 | Sentence or clause formation. Word separation ⇨ 81`367.5 Construction and phrasing of sentences and clauses |
| 003.086 | Punctuation |
| 003.087 | Direction of script Horizontal, vertical script, etc. Left to right. Right to left. Boustrophedon |
| 003.088 | External characteristics of writing Angle or slope of writing. Weight of writing |
| 003.09 | Techniques and methods of deciphering scripts |
| 003.2 | Writing systems. Graphic representations of concepts |
| 003.21/.23 | Conventional writing systems used for general purposes of literate language communities. Orthographies ⇨ 81`35 Graphemics. Orthography. Spelling |
| 003.21 | Picture writing ⇨ 003.314 Pictographic writings ⇨ 003.32 Ideographic and logographic scripts ⇨ 003.62 Signs and symbols other than scripts |
| 003.212 | Pictographic writing systems Hieroglyphs ⇨ 003.314 Pictographic writings ⇨ 003.322 Ancient Egyptian scripts |
| 003.214 | Logographic writing systems ⇨ 003.32 Ideographic and logographic scripts |
| 003.216 | Logographic-syllabic writing systems |
| 003.22/.23 | Phonological writing systems |
| 003.22 | Syllabic writing systems Syllabaries. Rebus writing. Phonograms. Text messaging (orthographic aspects) ⇨ 398.6 Riddles. Conundrums. Rebuses. Traditional jokes. Mottoes, devices, popular heraldry |
| 003.23 | Alphabetic writing systems |
| 003.24 | Writing systems for the blind Braille |
| 003.26 | Secret writing systems. Cryptographies ⇨ (083.73) Codes. Cryptographies. Keys ⇨ 004.056.55 Encryption |
| 003.27 | Stenographies. Shorthand writing systems |
| 003.28 | Paedographies, systems devised to help children learn to read Writing systems for teaching purposes. Phonetic scripts |
| 003.29 | Codes. Technographies. Nonconventional writing systems ⇨ 003.26 Secret writing systems. Cryptographies ⇨ 004.43 Computer languages ⇨ 621.394.14 Telegraph codes ⇨ 654.028 Communications according to form (language, code, secrecy) ⇨ 654.9 Signalling. Various telecommunication services. Remote control (telecontrol) ⇨ 811.93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages |
| 003.292 | Codes designed mainly to be humanly readable |
| 003.292.2 | Alphabetic codes. Letter codes |
| 003.292.3 | Numerical codes |
| 003.292.4 | Alphanumeric codes |
| 003.292.6 | Flag and positional codes Semaphore ⇨ 627.725.2 Semaphores |
| 003.295 | Codes designed mainly to be machine-readable |
| 003.295.1 | Morse code Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 654.9 ⇨ 654.9 Signalling. Various telecommunication services. Remote control (telecontrol) |
| 003.295.4 | Mechanically readable codes |
| 003.295.6 | Electromagnetically readable codes |
| 003.295.8 | Optically readable codes Bar codes |
003.3 | Scripts |
| 003.31 | Forerunners of scripts |
| 003.312 | Man-made marks Notched sticks. Knotted cords. Quipus. Prongs. Wampum belts |
| 003.314 | Pictographic writings Petroglyphs ⇨ 003.21 Picture writing |
| 003.315 | Prehistoric writings. Embryo-writing. Protolinear writing |
| 003.32 | Ideographic and logographic scripts ⇨ 003.214 Logographic writing systems |
| 003.321 | Scripts of ancient American cultures |
| 003.322 | Ancient Egyptian scripts Hieroglyphic. Hieratic. Demotic ⇨ 003.212 Pictographic writing systems ⇨ =412 Egyptian and Coptic |
| 003.323 | Cuneiform scripts Sumerian, Hittite cuneiforms |
| 003.324 | Scripts of East Asia |
| 003.324.1 | Chinese scripts |
| 003.324.2 | Japanese scripts |
| 003.324.21 | Ancient Japanese scripts (non-Chinese types) |
| 003.324.22 | Hiragana |
| 003.324.23 | Katakana |
| 003.324.25 | Kanji Information Note: Kanji are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system |
| 003.324.26 | Kanamajiri Scope Note: Kanji together with Hiragana |
| 003.326 | Mediterranean logographic scripts |
| 003.326.1 | Ancient Cretan, Minoan scripts |
| 003.326.3 | Cyprian syllabic script |
| 003.326.5 | Hittite picture script |
| 003.328 | Pasigraphic scripts. Scripts for artificial universal languages Bishop Wilkins ‘Real character’ |
| 003.329 | Other logographic or ideographic scripts Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e) |
| 003.33/.34 | Alphabetic scripts |
| 003.33 | Non-European alphabetic scripts |
| 003.332 | Semitic scripts |
| 003.332.1 | Early alphabetic scripts of the Mediterranean basin Proto-Sinaitic / Sinaitic / Proto-Canaanite |
| 003.332.2 | Phoenician scripts Punic scripts |
| 003.332.3 | Aramaic scripts |
| 003.332.4 | Hebrew and Canaanitic scripts |
| 003.332.5 | Arabic scripts Application Note: Details on non-Semitic languages by special auxiliaries 003.038, from 003.01/.09 ◇ 003.332.5.038:811.432.875 Adaptation of the Arabic script to Swahili ⇨ 003.038 Adaptation of a script to different languages and dialects |
| 003.332.6 | South Semitic scripts Sabaean script (south Arabian, Himyaritic and Hadhramautic) |
| 003.332.7 | Ethiopic scripts Amharic scripts |
| 003.332.9 | Other Semitic scripts Libyan. Berber. Iberian scripts |
| 003.333 | Iranian scripts Pahlavi. Avesta scripts |
| 003.334 | Caucasian scripts Armenian. Georgian scripts |
| 003.335 | Central and north Asiatic scripts Uighur, Mongolian scripts |
| 003.336 | Indian scripts |
| 003.336.2 | Kharosthi (Indo-Bactrian) |
| 003.336.3 | Brahmi writing systems and its offshoots Gupta. Devanagari |
| 003.336.4 | North East Indian scripts Kaithi scripts. Gujarati. Nepali scripts |
| 003.336.5 | Tibetan scripts |
| 003.336.6 | South Indian scripts Tamil |
| 003.337 | Scripts of South East Asia (Indo-China) and the East Indian Archipelago Burmese script. Cambodian / Khmer script. Thai “alphabet”. Indonesian scripts. Scripts of the Philippine Islands and the Malay Peninsula |
| 003.339 | Other non-European alphabetic scripts Scripts of North American Indians. Scripts of Eskimos |
| 003.34 | European alphabetic scripts |
| 003.341 | Greek script |
| 003.342 | Mediterranean scripts derived from Greek Coptic. Lycian. Phrygian |
| 003.343 | Ancient Italic scripts |
| 003.344 | Latin (Roman) script and its derivatives Gothic (blackletter) scripts. Italic scripts |
| 003.345 | Runes |
| 003.346 | Oghams |
| 003.347 | Gothic or Moeso-Gothic script of Ulfila (Wulfilas) |
| 003.348 | Albanian script |
| 003.349 | Glagolitic scripts. Cyrillic scripts |
| 003.349.1 | Glagolitic scripts |
| 003.349.2 | Early Cyrillic alphabets Church Slavonic alphabet, Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet (bosančica) |
| 003.349.3 | Cyrillic scripts Russian Cyrillic and Cyrillic alphabets of other Slavic languages; Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages Application Note: Details on adaptation to other languages by special auxiliaries 003.038, from 003.01/.09 ◇ 003.349.3.038:811.161.2 Adaptation of the Cyrillic to Ukrainian ◇ 003.349.3.038:811.512.133 Adaptation of the Cyrillic to Uzbek ⇨ 003.038 Adaptation of a script to different languages and dialects |
| 003.35 | Numeral systems |
| 003.354 | Systems using letters of the alphabet as numerals Application Note: Details by colon combination with 003.33/.34 |
| 003.356 | Systems using specific signs as numerals |
003.356.2 | Arabic (Indian) numerals |
| 003.5 | Writing materials and equipment ⇨ 001.812 Working materials ⇨ 003.05 Means of producing signs and scripts ⇨ 686.8 Office equipment. Stationery. Writing, drawing and artists’ accessories |
| 003.51 | Writing surfaces Stone, wood, clay, wax, papyrus, vellum, paper Application Note: Details by common auxiliaries of materials (Table 1k, -03) |
| 003.57 | Means of writing Inks. Chalks. Crayons. Pencils ⇨ 667.4/.5 Inks. Writing materials |
| 003.58 | Writing implements Styluses. Brushes. Quills. Nibs Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 686.862 ⇨ 686.862 Writing implements |
| 003.6 | Other kinds of graphic representation of thought ◇ 003.6.079 Graffiti ⇨ (084.2) Schematic representations ⇨ (084.3) Cartographic images ⇨ 084 Pictorial material ⇨ 7.045 Symbols. Allegories. Emblems. Devices, heraldic designs. Monograms |
| 003.62 | Signs and symbols other than scripts ◇ 003.62:006.92 Transcription of time. Symbols of time, chronology, calendar ⇨ 003.21 Picture writing |
| 003.623 | Distinctive marks. Identification marks. Signs of authorization ◇ 003.623:629.463 Systems of identifying railway wagons / trucks |
| 003.625 | Mathematical signs and symbols ◇ 003.625:517.968 Integral symbol |
| 003.626 | Lexicographical symbols |
| 003.628 | Emblems. Allegories |
| 003.63 | Diagrams Cartograms. Schemata |
| 003.64 | Monograms Anagrams. Chronograms. Signature as mark of origin (in porcelain, carpets, tapestries, etc.) |
| 003.65 | Property marks. Brands |
| 003.69 | Other graphic signs Signs made on houses by thieves and vagrants |
| 004 | Computer Science and Technology. Computing. Data processing Scope Note: Class here also information technology (computing and telecommunications). Throughout 004 digital computing is assumed unless concept is qualified by :004.386 or :004.387 ⇨ 621.39 Telecommunication. Telegraphy. Telephony. Radiocommunication. Video technology and equipment. Telecontrol |
| 004.01/.08 | Special auxiliary subdivision for computing |
| 004.01 | Documentation ◇ 004.415.2.01 Documentation of the software design process ◇ 004.415.3.01 Documentation of source code. Program comments ⇨ (083.131) Directions for use. User’s guides. User’s manuals (directions for the use of equipment, instruments, specialist documents, computer software, etc.). Operating instructions |
| 004.02 | Problem-solving methods |
| 004.021 | Algorithms ⇨ 004.421 Algorithms for program construction |
| 004.023 | Heuristic methods |
| 004.03 | System types and characteristics |
| 004.031 | System types |
| 004.031.2 | Offline Batch |
| 004.031.4 | Online |
| 004.031.42 | Interactive |
| 004.031.43 | Real-time Transaction processing systems |
| 004.031.6 | Embedded |
| 004.032 | System characteristics |
| 004.032.2 | Mode of processing |
| 004.032.22 | Serial |
| 004.032.24 | Parallel. Concurrent ⇨ 004.272 Parallel processing architectures |
| 004.032.26 | Neural network |
| 004.032.3 | Timing ⇨ 004.074.34 Memory cycle time |
| 004.032.32 | Synchronous ⇨ 004.451.23 Synchronization |
| 004.032.322 | Clock rate. Clock speed |
| 004.032.324 | Clock cycle. Machine cycle. Internal cycle |
| 004.032.34 | Asynchronous |
| 004.032.5 | Scalability |
| 004.032.6 | Multimedia ⇨ 004.357 Peripherals for sound and multimedia ⇨ 004.4`27 Multimedia development tools |
| 004.032.8 | Computer generations Application Note: Details by asterisk (Table 1h) followed by the generation number ◇ 004.032.8*4 Fourth generation |
| 004.04 | Processing orientation |
| 004.041 | Procedure-oriented |
| 004.042 | Data-flow-oriented |
| 004.043 | Data-structure-oriented |
| 004.045 | Object-oriented |
| 004.046 | Function-oriented |
| 004.047 | Logic-oriented |
| 004.048 | AI-oriented ⇨ 004.8 Artificial intelligence |
| 004.05 | System and software quality |
| 004.051 | Performance |
| 004.052 | Reliability and correctness |
| 004.052.2 | Robustness |
| 004.052.3 | Fault tolerance |
| 004.052.32 | Fault monitoring |
| 004.052.34 | Fault threshold |
| 004.052.4 | Error control. Error handling |
| 004.052.42 | Error detection Validity checking. Data validation. Data verification |
| 004.052.44 | Error correction |
| 004.053 | Reusability |
| 004.054 | Testability |
| 004.055 | User-friendliness |
| 004.056 | Security |
| 004.056.2 | Integrity |
| 004.056.3 | Backup and recovery |
| 004.056.4 | Redundancy |
| 004.056.5 | Protection |
| 004.056.52 | Restricted access Firewalls Scope Note: Prevention of unauthorised access implemented on hardware or software level or both ◇ 004.72.056.52:004.3 Network hardware firewall ◇ 004.72.056.52:004.4 Network software firewall |
| 004.056.523 | Authentication and authorisation Scope Note: Class here programs and documents about username/password control and control of access to computer resources ◇ 004.72.056.523 Network authentication and authorisation ⇨ 004.72 Network architecture |
| 004.056.53 | Security against unauthorized access Hacking |
| 004.056.54 | Security against spyware Against adware, adbots Scope Note: Class here programs for, and documents about, detection and prevention. For security against malicious software (malware) see 004.491 ⇨ 004.491 Software to attack computer systems. Malicious software (malware) ⇨ 004.491.42 Trojan horses ⇨ 004.493 Unauthorised software to monitor machine activity. Spyware |
| 004.056.55 | Encryption ⇨ (083.73) Codes. Cryptographies. Keys ⇨ 003.26 Secret writing systems. Cryptographies ⇨ 004.421.5 Random number (pseudorandom number) generation algorithms |
| 004.056.57 | Security against computer infections ⇨ 004.49 Computer infections |
| 004.057 | Compatibility |
| 004.057.2 | Standardizing Conformance to standards ⇨ (083.74) Standards ⇨ 006 Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time |
| 004.057.3 | Formats |
| 004.057.4 | Protocols |
| 004.057.5 | Portability |
| 004.057.6 | Conversion |
| 004.057.7 | Emulation |
| 004.057.8 | Open systems. Open architecture |
| 004.07 | Memory characteristics |
| 004.072 | Memory action |
| 004.072.2 | Reading |
| 004.072.3 | Writing |
| 004.072.4 | Accessing |
| 004.072.5 | Addressing |
| 004.072.6 | Block transfer |
| 004.074 | Memory performance |
| 004.074.2 | Recording density |
| 004.074.3 | Access time |
| 004.074.32 | Seek time |
| 004.074.34 | Memory cycle time ⇨ 004.032.3 Timing |
| 004.076 | Memory volatility |
| 004.076.2 | Volatile |
| 004.076.4 | Nonvolatile |
| 004.08 | Input, output and storage media Scope Note: Class here storage media as a subject. For storage media as physical document carrier, see (0.034.4) ⇨ (0.034.4) Magnetic and optical media ⇨ 621.377.6 Digital stores, registers, storage devices |
| 004.081 | Punched media |
| 004.081.1 | Punched cards ⇨ 676.815.4 Punched cards for the control of machines (e.g. accounting machines, textile machines) |
| 004.081.2 | Punched tape ⇨ 676.816.5 Paper rolls for punching. Rolls for punched-tape machines (e.g. tape-typewriters, accounting machines) |
| 004.081.3 | Digital paper tape. Digital paper disks |
| 004.083 | Magnetic media |
| 004.083.1 | Magnetic cards |
| 004.083.2 | Magnetic stripe |
| 004.083.3 | Magnetic ink |
| 004.083.4 | Magnetic tape |
| 004.083.42 | Reel-to-reel tape |
| 004.083.44 | Tape cassettes |
| 004.083.45 | Tape cartridges |
| 004.083.5 | Magnetic core |
| 004.083.6 | Magnetic drums |
| 004.083.7 | Magnetic disks |
| 004.083.72 | Hard disks |
| 004.083.722 | Disk packs |
| 004.083.723 | Disk arrays |
| 004.083.74 | Floppy disks. Diskettes |
| 004.083.8 | Magnetic film memory. Thin-film memory Magnetic bubble memory |
| 004.084 | Magneto-optical media Erasable optical disks |
| 004.085 | Optical media |
| 004.085.2 | Compact discs (CD) Information Note: The standard compact disc was introduced in 1982 primarily for digital audio reproduction. The format was adapted by the computer industry in the mid-1980s, as a low-cost storage-and-distribution medium ⇨ (0.034.4) Magnetic and optical media ⇨ (086.76) Optical media sound recordings |
| 004.085.22 | CD-ROM. Compact disc read-only memory (not recordable) |
| 004.085.23 | CD-R, compact disc recordable. CD-RW, compact disc rewritable |
| 004.085.3 | WORMs (Write once, read many times) |
| 004.085.4 | Videodiscs (Laserdiscs, LD) Information Note: Patented as Reflective Optical Videodisc, also know as Laser Videodisc, Laservision, Disco-Vision, DiscoVision, and MCA DiscoVision. Laserdisc was a forerunner to compact discs and DVDs |
| 004.085.5 | DVD Scope Note: Class here also HD DVD – high definition optical disc (advanced optical disc) Information Note: Although the official DVD specification documents from 1995 have never stated what the abbreviation DVD stands for, this optical disc storage is most commonly referred to as Digital Versatile Disc and Digital Video Disc |
| 004.085.6 | Blu-ray Disc (Blu-ray, BD) Information Note: The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were finished in 2004. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006 |
| 004.085.7 | Digital paper (interactive paper) Scope Note: Comprises technology that optimizes paper-based processes by converting handwritten forms into digital documents. Digital paper should not be confused with electronic paper (e-paper) which is a display technology developed to mimic handwriting and appearance of ink and paper Information Note: Patterned paper used in conjunction with a digital pen to create handwritten digital documents. The printed dot pattern uniquely identifies the position coordinates on the paper. The digital pen uses this pattern to store the handwriting and upload it to a computer |
| 004.085.8 | Holographic data storage. Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) |
| 004.087 | Electronic media |
| 004.087.2 | Semiconductor memory. Solid-state disks. Flash disks |
| 004.087.4 | Memory cards. PC cards |
| 004.087.5 | Smart cards. IC cards |
| 004.2 | Computer architecture |
| 004.22 | Data representation ⇨ 001.103 Data ⇨ 621.3.037.3 Type and representation of information |
| 004.222 | Numerical data |
| 004.222.2 | Fixed-point number representation |
| 004.222.3 | Floating-point number representation |
| 004.222.5 | Overflow and underflow |
| 004.223 | Characters and similar data Character sets. Fonts ◇ 004.223.057.2ANSI ANSI character set ◇ 004.223.057.2Unicode Unicode character set ⇨ 655.24 Type styles. Characters |
| 004.223.2 | Alphanumerics Application Note: Details on particular alphabets by colon combination with the subdivision of 003.33 ◇ 004.223.2:003.332.5 Arabic alphanumerics ⇨ 003.33 Non-European alphabetic scripts |
| 004.223.3 | Graphic characters Two-byte and three-byte representation Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 003.32 ⇨ 003.32 Ideographic and logographic scripts |
| 004.223.5 | Special characters |
| 004.223.6 | Control characters |
| 004.223.7 | Escape characters. Escape keys |
| 004.225 | Date and time data |
| 004.225.2 | Date representation ◇ 004.225.2.052″2000″ Year 2000 problem |
| 004.225.4 | Time representation |
| 004.23 | Instruction set architecture |
| 004.231 | Kinds of instruction set |
| 004.231.2 | Complex instruction set computers (CISC) |
| 004.231.3 | Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) |
| 004.232 | Instruction format |
| 004.233 | Kinds of instruction |
| 004.233.2 | Branch instructions |
| 004.233.3 | Data manipulation instructions |
| 004.233.5 | Input – output (I/O) instructions |
| 004.234 | Registers in architecture |
| 004.235 | Addressing schemes |
| 004.236 | Subroutines in instruction set |
| 004.237 | Interrupts |
| 004.238 | Process status |
| 004.239 | Memory protection |
| 004.25 | Memory system |
| 004.252 | Memory hierarchies |
| 004.254 | Cache memory |
| 004.255 | Virtual memory |
| 004.258 | Memory control system |
| 004.27 | Advanced architectures. Non-Von Neumann architectures |
| 004.272 | Parallel processing architectures ⇨ 004.032.24 Parallel. Concurrent |
| 004.272.2 | Parallel processing techniques |
| 004.272.22 | Pipeline control |
Pipeline control | Using attached support processors (ASPs) |
| 004.272.25 | Vector processing |
| 004.272.26 | Using multiple processors |
| 004.272.3 | Architecture designs for parallel processing |
| 004.272.32 | SIMD architecture Scope Note: Single instruction stream, multiple data stream |
| 004.272.33 | MISD architecture Scope Note: Multiple instruction stream, single data stream |
| 004.272.34 | MIMD architecture Scope Note: Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream |
| 004.272.4 | Kinds of parallel processor |
| 004.272.42 | Array processor systems |
| 004.272.43 | Multiprocessor systems |
| 004.272.44 | Dataflow systems |
| 004.272.45 | Interaction network architecture |
| 004.273 | Software-oriented architecture |
| 004.274 | Dynamic architecture |
| 004.275 | Clustering ⇨ 004.052.3 Fault tolerance ⇨ 004.056.3 Backup and recovery ⇨ 004.056.4 Redundancy |
| 004.275.1 | Shared-nothing architecture |
| 004.275.2 | Shared-disk architecture |
| 004.3 | Computer hardware Application Note: Details by colon combination with 62-1/-9 |
| 004.3`1/`2 | Special auxiliary subdivision for hardware |
| 004.3`1 | Production of computers |
| 004.3`12 | Design considerations |
| 004.3`122 | Noise reduction design |
| 004.3`124 | Thermal design. Cooling technology |
| 004.3`14 | Assembly technology for computers |
| 004.3`142 | Packages and packaging |
| 004.3`142.2 | Device-level packaging |
| 004.3`142.22 | Die bonding Wire bonding. Tape automated bonding (TAB) ⇨ 621.792 Joining by adhesion |
| 004.3`142.23 | Flip chips |
| 004.3`142.24 | Single inline packages (SIPs) |
| 004.3`142.25 | Dual inline packages (DIPs) |
| 004.3`142.26 | Pin-grid arrays |
| 004.3`142.27 | Flat packages |
| 004.3`142.4 | Board-level packaging Through-hole mount. Surface mount. Hybrid packaging |
| 004.3`142.6 | Frame-level packaging |
| 004.3`144 | Computer components Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 621.3 ◇ 004.3`144:621.3.049.75 Printed circuits for computers ◇ 004.3`144:621.314 Power packs for computers ◇ 004.3`144:621.316.54 Computer switches ◇ 004.3`144:621.318.5 Computer relays |
| 004.3`2 | Computer installations ◇ 004.3`2:692.5 Floor structuring for computer installations ◇ 004.3`2:697.9 Ventilation and air-conditioning for computer installations |
| 004.31 | Processing units. Processing circuits |
| 004.312 | Logic circuits |
| 004.312.2 | Combinational circuits |
004.312.22 | Logic gates |
| 004.312.222 | AND-gates. OR-gates. NOT-gates |
| 004.312.225 | NAND-gates. NOR-gates |
| 004.312.24 | Multiplexers |
| 004.312.26 | Encoders. Decoders |
| 004.312.4 | Sequential circuits |
| 004.312.42 | Flip-flop in computers |
| 004.312.43 | Counters in computers |
| 004.312.44 | Arithmetic and logic circuits for arithmetic units ⇨ 004.315 Arithmetic units |
| 004.312.46 | Controlling circuits for mathematical operations |
| 004.312.462 | Wired logic |
| 004.312.463 | Pin-board logic |
| 004.312.466 | Microprogram controlled logic |
| 004.314 | Registers |
| 004.314.2 | General purpose registers |
| 004.314.3 | Accumulators |
004.314.4 | Shift registers |
| 004.314.5 | Floating point registers |
| 004.314.6 | Stack registers |
| 004.315 | Arithmetic units ⇨ 004.312.44 Arithmetic and logic circuits for arithmetic units |
| 004.315.2 | Adders. Half adders |
| 004.315.4 | Complementers |
| 004.315.5 | Multipliers. Dividers |
| 004.315.7 | Vector arithmetic units |
| 004.315.8 | Shifters and comparators |
| 004.318 | Central processing unit (CPU) |
| 004.32 | Computer pathways |
| 004.322 | Channels |
| 004.324 | Buses |
| 004.326 | Connectors to peripheral devices. Input-output pathways |
| 004.326.1 | Ports ◇ 004.326.1:621.384.3 Infrared ports ◇ 004.326.1.032.22 Serial ports ◇ 004.326.1.032.24 Parallel ports |
| 004.326.2 | Card slots ◇ 004.326.2.087.4 Slots for PC cards |
| 004.326.7 | Docking stations Docking cradles |
| 004.33 | Memory units. Storage units Application Note: Details on memory characteristics and memory storage media by special auxiliaries 004.07 and 004.08, from 004.01/.08 ⇨ 004.07 Memory characteristics ⇨ 004.08 Input, output and storage media |
| 004.332 | Memory types according to access possibility |
| 004.332.2 | Direct access memory |
| 004.332.3 | Random access memory (RAM) |
| 004.332.33 | Dynamic RAM (DRAM) |
| 004.332.34 | Static RAM (SRAM) |
004.332.5 | Sequential access memory |
| 004.333 | Read-only memory (ROM) |
| 004.334 | Pushup memory. Pushdown memory |
| 004.335 | Associative memory. Content addressable memory |
| 004.337 | Internal memory |
| 004.338 | External memory |
| 004.35 | Peripherals. Input-output units |
| 004.351 | Readers ◇ 004.351.081.1 Punched card readers |
| 004.352 | Scanners |
| 004.352.2 | Optical scanners |
| 004.352.22 | Graphics scanners |
| 004.352.24 | Optical recognition scanners. Optical wands |
| 004.352.242 | Optical character recognition (OCR) |
| 004.352.243 | Handwriting recognition |
| 004.352.246 | Bar code recognition |
004.352.4 | Scanners for specific media ◇ 004.352.4.083.3 for magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) ◇ 004.352.4.087.5 for IC cards |
| 004.353 | Computer consoles. Video terminals. Video display units. Visual display units |
| 004.353.2 | Display screens |
| 004.353.22 | Display resolution |
| 004.353.24 | Types of display |
| 004.353.242 | Bitmapped display |
| 004.353.244 | Raster display |
| 004.353.245 | Vector display. Calligraphic display |
| 004.353.25 | Types of screen |
| 004.353.253 | Cathode-ray display |
| 004.353.254 | Flat-panel display |
| 004.353.254.2 | Plasma display |
| 004.353.254.3 | Liquid crystal display (LCD) |
| 004.353.254.4 | Electroluminescent display |
| 004.353.254.5 | Light-emitting diode display (LED) |
| 004.353.256 | Holographic display technology ⇨ 004.514.64 Drag-and-drop ⇨ 004.514.66 Holographic user interface. 3D interface |
| 004.353.4 | Computer keyboards ⇨ 681.61.065 Keys. Keyboards |
| 004.353.44 | Special keys |
| 004.353.45 | Function keys |
| 004.354 | Locating devices. Pointing devices. Graphic input devices |
| 004.354.2 | Light pens |
| 004.354.3 | Touch-screens |
| 004.354.4 | Graphics tablets. Graphic pads. Digitizer tablets |
| 004.354.5 | Mice ◇ 004.354.5:621.384.3 Infrared mice |
| 004.354.6 | Trackerballs |
| 004.354.7 | Joy sticks / joysticks. Gamepads, gamecontrollers Scope Note: Class here also gaming peripherals such as steering wheels and headsets |
| 004.355 | Drives Application Note: Details by special auxiliaries 004.08, from 004.01/.08 ◇ 004.355.083.4 Tape drives ◇ 004.355.083.723 Disk array drives. RAID (redundant arrays of inexpensive disks) configurations ◇ 004.355.083.74 Floppy disk drives ◇ 004.355.085.22 CD-ROM drives ⇨ 004.08 Input, output and storage media |
| 004.356 | Peripherals for hard-copy output |
| 004.356.2 | Printers as peripherals ⇨ 681.625.9 Other special purpose printing machines |
004.356.4 | Output on photosensitive materials Computer output microfilming (COM) |
| 004.357 | Peripherals for sound and multimedia Voice input devices |
| 004.358 | Peripherals for simulation and virtual reality Data gloves. Data suits. Data helmets |
| 004.38 | Computers. Kinds of computer Application Note: Details on computer generation by special auxiliaries 004.032.8, from 004.01/.08 ⇨ 004.032.8 Computer generations |
| 004.382 | General purpose computers |
| 004.382.2 | Supercomputers |
| 004.382.3 | Mainframes |
| 004.382.4 | Minicomputers |
| 004.382.6 | Work stations |
| 004.382.7 | Personal computers. Microcomputers |
| 004.382.72 | Desk-top computers |
| 004.382.73/.77 | Portable computers. Handheld computers. Mobile devices |
004.382.73 | Laptops / notebooks Scope Note: Class here traditional laptops (clamshell design) |
| 004.382.732 | Ultraportable, subnotebooks, mini notebooks Netbooks, Chromebooks Scope Note: Class here smaller, lighter, inexpensive laptops |
| 004.382.74 | Pen computers. Tablet computers. Smartphones |
| 004.382.741 | Pen computers. Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs) |
| 004.382.742 | Tablet computers Slates (e.g. Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro, Sony Xperia Tablet Z, iPad); mini tablets (e.g. KindleFire, Nook Tablet, Nexus 7, iPad mini); phablets (phone-tablet); 2-in-1 PCs; gaming tablets, booklets (e.g. Microsoft Surface, Sony Tablet P) and customized business tablets Scope Note: Class here also Mobile Internet Devices (MID) |
004.382.745 | Smartphones Scope Note: Class here smartphones as handheld personal computers. Class smartphones as telephones at 621.395.721.5 |
| 004.382.75 | Palmtop computers. Handheld computers Scope Note: Class here small, now discontinued, devices: handheld PCs, pocket-sized computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs) |
| 004.382.76 | Wearable computers Smartwatches, calculator watches, head-mounted / helmet-mounted display (HMD), optical head-mounted display (smart glasses), smart clothing items |
| 004.382.77 | Portable data terminals (PDT). Mobile data terminals (MDT) Scope Note: Class here devices to enter or access data via wireless transmission and computerised devices used in public transit, warehouses, etc. to communicate with the central dispatch office |
| 004.383 | Special purpose computers |
| 004.383.1 | Word processors |
| 004.383.2 | Server computers ◇ 004.383.2:004.63 File server computer ◇ 004.383.2:004.738.5 Web server computers ⇨ 004.455.2 Server software |
| 004.383.3 | Digital signal processors (DSPs) |
| 004.383.4 | Simulators |
| 004.383.5 | Image processors |
| 004.383.6 | Database machines |
| 004.383.8 | Artificial intelligence machines ◇ 004.383.8.032.26 Neurocomputers |
| 004.384 | Industrial computers. Process computers |
| 004.386 | Hybrid computers |
| 004.387 | Analog computers |
| 004.388 | Computer-related machines |
| 004.388.2 | Calculators. Programmable calculators |
| 004.388.4 | Games machines |
| 004.4 | Software |
| 004.4`2/`6 | Special auxiliary subdivision for software |
| 004.4`2 | Software development tools |
| 004.4`22 | Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools |
| 004.4`23 | Programming tools |
| 004.4`232 | Editors |
004.4`233 | Debuggers |
| 004.4`234 | Program browsing tools ⇨ 004.455.1 Client software |
| 004.4`236 | Visual programming tools |
| 004.4`24 | Software automation tools |
| 004.4`242 | Program generators. Application generators. Automatic programming |
| 004.4`244 | System generators |
| 004.4`27 | Multimedia development tools |
| 004.4`272 | Authoring systems |
| 004.4`273 | Image editors |
| 004.4`274 | Video editors |
| 004.4`275 | Animation software tools |
| 004.4`277 | Tools for sound |
| 004.4`277.2 | Sound editors |
| 004.4`277.4 | Music creation tools MIDI sequencers |
| 004.4`4 | Programming language translation |
| 004.4`41 | Programming language translation processes |
| 004.4`412 | Lexical analysis |
| 004.4`413 | Syntax analysis. Parsing |
| 004.4`414 | Semantic analysis |
| 004.4`415 | Code generation |
| 004.4`416 | Code optimization |
| 004.4`417 | Use of a symbol table |
| 004.4`418 | Use of an intermediate language |
| 004.4`42 | Programming language translators |
| 004.4`422 | Compilers |
| 004.4`423 | Interpreters |
| 004.4`424 | Assemblers |
| 004.4`426 | Macro processors |
| 004.4`427 | Preprocessors |
| 004.4`6 | Runtime environment Runtime storage allocation. Address computation. Execution control |
| 004.41 | Software engineering Scope Note: Class here computer system engineering |
| 004.411 | Software development methodology ◇ 004.411:004.414.32 Software prototyping ◇ 004.411-022.12 Lightweight methodologies ◇ 004.411-022.338 Iterative software development approach ◇ 004.411-022.338-026.23 Iterative and incremental development approach ◇ 004.411-022.354 Sequential development approach. Waterfall approach ◇ 004.411-025.366 Spiral development ◇ 004.411-026.131 Agile development ◇ 004.411-026.512.1 Rapid application development (RAD) |
| 004.412 | Software metrics |
| 004.412.2 | Metrics based on program size. Lines of code (LOC) metrics |
| 004.412.3 | Metrics based on function points |
| 004.413 | Software development management. Software project management |
| 004.413.2 | Scheduling management |
| 004.413.4 | Risk analysis |
| 004.413.5 | Software project estimation techniques |
| 004.414 | Definition phase of system and software engineering |
| 004.414.2 | Computer system analysis and design |
| 004.414.22 | System requirements analysis ◇ 004.414.22:004.2 Computer architecture requirements |
| 004.414.23 | Modelling and simulation of computer systems |
| 004.414.28 | System specification |
| 004.414.3 | Software requirements analysis |
| 004.414.32 | Software prototyping |
| 004.414.38 | Software requirements specification |
| 004.415 | Development phase of system and software engineering |
| 004.415.2 | Software design ◇ 004.415.2.01 Documentation of the software design process ◇ 004.415.2.031.43 Real-time system design ◇ 004.415.2.041 Procedure-oriented design techniques ◇ 004.415.2.043 Data-structure-oriented design techniques ◇ 004.415.2.052.3 Fault-tolerant design |
| 004.415.22 | Abstraction |
| 004.415.23 | Modularization |
| 004.415.24 | Information hiding |
| 004.415.25 | Programming in-the-small |
| 004.415.26 | Program design languages. Pseudocode |
| 004.415.28 | Software design specification |
| 004.415.3 | Coding ◇ 004.415.3.01 Documentation of source code. Program comments ⇨ 004.42 Computer programming. Computer programs |
| 004.415.5 | Software quality assurance Verification and validation (V&V) ⇨ 006.015.5 Quality |
| 004.415.52 | Formal technical reviews Walk-through |
| 004.415.53 | Software testing |
| 004.415.532 | Unit testing. Testing in the small |
| 004.415.532.2 | Black box testing |
| 004.415.532.3 | White box testing |
| 004.415.533 | Integration testing |
| 004.415.535 | Validation testing |
| 004.415.538 | System testing. Testing in the large |
| 004.416 | System and software maintenance |
| 004.416.2 | Correction. Debugging |
| 004.416.3 | Software adaptation |
| 004.416.6 | Software enhancement |
| 004.418 | Software localisation |
| 004.42 | Computer programming. Computer programs ⇨ 519.85 Mathematical programming |
| 004.421 | Algorithms for program construction Scope Note: Class algorithms for particular processes at the process, using 004.021, from special auxiliary subdivision for computing 004.01/.08 ◇ 004.424.5.021 Sort algorithms ⇨ 004.021 Algorithms |
| 004.421.2 | Basic mathematical algorithms Scope Note: For mathematical theory of algorithms in general, see 510.5 Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 51 ◇ 004.421.2:517.443 Fast Fourier transform ◇ 004.421.2:517.535 Algorithms for rational expression ◇ 004.421.2:519.17 Graph algorithms ⇨ 510.5 Computability theory ⇨ 512.54.05 Algorithmic problems in group theory. The word problem ⇨ 519.16 Algorithmic problems of combinatorial analysis ⇨ 519.178 Algorithmic questions of graph theory ⇨ 519.712 Cybernetic problems of theory of algorithms |
| 004.421.4 | Evaluation expression algorithms |
| 004.421.5 | Random number (pseudorandom number) generation algorithms ⇨ 004.056.55 Encryption |
| 004.421.6 | Symbol processing algorithms |
004.422 | Components of computer programs |
| 004.422.1 | Atoms |
| 004.422.2 | Constants |
| 004.422.3 | Variables |
| 004.422.32 | Kinds of variable |
| 004.422.322 | Global or local variable |
| 004.422.324 | Static or dynamic variable |
| 004.422.326 | Free or shared variable |
| 004.422.33 | Default rule for variables |
| 004.422.35 | Declaration of variables |
| 004.422.352 | Explicit declaration |
| 004.422.353 | Implicit declaration |
| 004.422.4 | Expressions |
| 004.422.42 | Parts of expression |
| 004.422.422 | Operator |
| 004.422.423 | Operand |
| 004.422.44 | Kinds of expression |
| 004.422.442 | M-expression |
| 004.422.444 | Lambda-expression |
| 004.422.5 | Statements |
| 004.422.52 | Executable statements |
| 004.422.53 | Declarative statements |
| 004.422.55 | Horn clause |
| 004.422.56 | Macro instructions. Macro calls |
| 004.422.6 | Data types |
| 004.422.61 | Basic data types |
| 004.422.612 | Logical data type. Boolean data type |
| 004.422.613 | Numeric data types |
| 004.422.614 | Character data types |
| 004.422.615 | Enumerated data types |
| 004.422.616 | Pointers |
| 004.422.63 | Structured data types. Data structures |
| 004.422.632 | Arrays |
| 004.422.632.2 | Character strings |
| 004.422.632.4 | Multidimensional arrays |
| 004.422.633 | Records |
| 004.422.634 | Sets |
| 004.422.635 | Dynamic data structures |
| 004.422.635.2 | Linked-list (chained-list) structure |
| 004.422.635.3 | Tree structure |
| 004.422.635.32 | Balanced tree (B-tree) B+tree |
| 004.422.635.33 | Binary tree |
| 004.422.635.5 | Stream type structure |
| 004.422.636 | Abstract data types |
| 004.422.636.2 | Lists |
| 004.422.636.3 | Stacks |
| 004.422.636.4 | Queues |
| 004.422.636.5 | Deques |
| 004.422.636.7 | Tables |
| 004.422.639 | Other data types |
004.422.8 | Program units |
| 004.422.81 | Main program |
| 004.422.83 | Subroutines |
| 004.422.832 | Coroutines |
| 004.422.833 | Modules. Procedures |
| 004.422.834 | Functions |
| 004.422.837 | Program macros |
| 004.422.86 | Parameters (arguments) |
| 004.423 | Syntax and semantics of programs |
| 004.423.2 | Program syntax |
| 004.423.22 | Concrete syntax |
| 004.423.23 | Abstract syntax |
| 004.423.24 | Regular expression |
| 004.423.25 | Context-free grammar |
| 004.423.26 | Attribute grammar |
| 004.423.4 | Program semantics |
| 004.423.42 | Operational semantics |
| 004.423.43 | Denotational semantics |
| 004.423.45 | Algebraic semantics |
| 004.423.46 | Axiomatic semantics |
| 004.424 | Programming techniques |
| 004.424.2 | Basic control structures |
| 004.424.22 | Repetition. Loops. Iteration |
| 004.424.23 | Selection |
| 004.424.25 | Decision tables |
| 004.424.27 | Jump. GOTO. Branch |
| 004.424.3 | Subroutine techniques |
| 004.424.32 | Subroutine calls |
| 004.424.33 | Arguments |
| 004.424.35 | Re-entrant routines |
| 004.424.36 | Recursive procedures |
| 004.424.4 | Search techniques |
| 004.424.42 | Search key |
| 004.424.43 | Table search. Table look-up |
| 004.424.44 | Set operation |
| 004.424.45 | Linear search |
| 004.424.46 | Binary search |
| 004.424.47 | Hashing |
| 004.424.5 | Sort techniques ◇ 004.424.5:004.337 Internal sorting ◇ 004.424.5:004.338 External sorting ◇ 004.424.5.032.24 Parallel sorting |
| 004.424.52 | Minimum-comparison sorting |
| 004.424.53 | Sorting network |
| 004.424.56 | Merging |
| 004.424.57 | Permutation |
| 004.424.6 | Pattern matching |
| 004.424.62 | String pattern matching. String matching |
| 004.424.64 | Tree pattern matching |
| 004.424.7 | Memory (storage) techniques |
| 004.424.72 | Blocking |
| 004.424.74 | Dynamic memory allocation |
| 004.424.75 | Heap manipulation |
004.424.8 | Input/output instructions |
| 004.428 | Libraries of subroutines |
| 004.428.2 | Standard subroutines |
| 004.428.4 | User-defined subroutines |
| 004.43 | Computer languages Programming languages ⇨ 004.4`4 Programming language translation ⇨ 004.655 Database languages ⇨ 811.93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages |
| 004.431 | Low level languages |
| 004.431.2 | Machine languages |
| 004.431.4 | Assembly languages |
| 004.432 | High level languages |
| 004.432.2 | Procedural languages. Imperative languages |
| 004.432.4 | Nonprocedural languages. Declarative languages |
| 004.432.42 | Functional languages |
| 004.432.45 | Fourth generation languages (4GLs). Conversational languages ⇨ 004.655 Database languages |
| 004.434 | Problem oriented languages ◇ 004.434:004.422.635.2 List processing languages ◇ 004.434:004.8 Programming languages for AI ◇ 004.434:004.82 Knowledge representation languages ◇ 004.434:004.94 Simulation languages ◇ 004.434:005 Business application languages ◇ 004.434:5 Scientific application languages |
| 004.435 | Metalanguages |
| 004.436 | Description languages |
| 004.436.2 | Hardware description language |
| 004.436.4 | System description language |
004.436.6 | Page description languages |
| 004.438 | Individual programming languages Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h) ⇨ =93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages |
| 004.439 | Markup languages. Tagging codes Scope Note: Class here standards and conventions for encoding electronic documents (text and other data) to enable output, display or searching Application Note: Details by colon combination and/or alphabetical extension (Table 1h) ◇ 004.439:004.55 Markup languages for hypermedia ◇ 004.439:004.55HTML Hypertext Markup Language ◇ 004.439:004.94VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language ◇ 004.439SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language ◇ 004.439`232:004.55HTML HTML editors |
| 004.45 | System software |
| 004.451 | Operating systems |
| 004.451.1 | Input and output control ◇ 004.451.1:004.237 Interrupt I/O |
| 004.451.2 | Process management |
| 004.451.21 | Mutual exclusion |
| 004.451.22 | Fairness |
| 004.451.23 | Synchronization ⇨ 004.032.32 Synchronous |
| 004.451.24 | Interprocess communication |
| 004.451.25 | Process control |
| 004.451.26 | Process scheduling |
| 004.451.27 | Deadlock prevention. Deadlock recovery |
| 004.451.3 | Memory management |
| 004.451.31 | Memory allocation |
| 004.451.33 | Garbage collection |
| 004.451.34 | Memory compaction. Defragmentation |
| 004.451.35 | Virtual memory management |
| 004.451.352 | Paging |
| 004.451.353 | Segmentation |
| 004.451.354 | Paged segmentation |
| 004.451.36 | Memory protection |
| 004.451.37 | Secondary storage (auxiliary memory) management |
| 004.451.4 | Job management |
| 004.451.43 | Spooling |
| 004.451.44 | Job scheduling |
| 004.451.45 | Multithreading |
| 004.451.46 | Multitasking. Multiprogramming |
| 004.451.47 | Job control language (JCL). Command language |
| 004.451.48 | Operator command |
| 004.451.5 | Data management |
| 004.451.51 | Volume management |
| 004.451.52 | File management File creation. File deletion. File manipulation ◇ 004.451.52.056.3 File dumping ◇ 004.451.52.056.5 File protection |
| 004.451.53 | File organization Directory structures |
| 004.451.54 | Record manipulation ⇨ 005.92 Records management |
| 004.451.56 | Access methods |
| 004.451.57 | Buffering |
| 004.451.6 | Communication management |
| 004.451.62 | Inter-process communication |
| 004.451.622 | Message passing |
| 004.451.624 | Shared memory |
| 004.451.64 | Privileged instructions. Hardware protection |
| 004.451.642 | Operating modes Monitor mode (supervisor mode, system mode), User mode |
| 004.451.644 | System calls (supervisor calls) |
| 004.451.7 | Time-sharing processing ◇ 004.451.7:004.7 Data communication processing ◇ 004.451.7.031.43 Real-time processing. Transaction processing |
| 004.451.8 | Design features of operating systems |
| 004.451.82 | Layering |
| 004.451.83 | Client-server design |
| 004.451.84 | System interfaces |
| 004.451.86 | Subsystems |
| 004.451.87 | Kernel |
| 004.451.88 | Microkernel |
| 004.451.9 | Specific operating systems Application Note: Details by alphabetical extension (Table 1h) ◇ 004.451.9UNIX UNIX operating system |
| 004.453 | Program control software |
| 004.453.2 | Linkers |
| 004.453.3 | Relocators |
| 004.453.4 | Loaders |
| 004.453.5 | Initial program loader |
| 004.454 | Device drivers |
| 004.455 | Client-server software |
| 004.455.1 | Client software Browsers ◇ 004.455.1:004.738.5 Worldwide Web browsers |
| 004.455.2 | Server software ⇨ 004.383.2 Server computers |
| 004.457 | Utility programs Software agents. Daemons |
| 004.49 | Computer infections ⇨ 004.056.53 Security against unauthorized access ⇨ 004.056.54 Security against spyware ⇨ 004.056.57 Security against computer infections ⇨ 004.493 Unauthorised software to monitor machine activity. Spyware |
| 004.491 | Software to attack computer systems. Malicious software (malware) |
| 004.491.2 | Replicating infections |
| 004.491.22 | Computer viruses |
| 004.491.23 | Computer worms |
| 004.491.4 | Nonreplicating infections |
| 004.491.42 | Trojan horses ⇨ 004.056.54 Security against spyware |
| 004.491.43 | Logic bombs |
| 004.492 | Software against computer infections |
| 004.492.2 | Software to prevent infections |
004.492.3 | Software to detect infections |
| 004.492.4 | Software to remove infections |
| 004.493 | Unauthorised software to monitor machine activity. Spyware Adware, adbots ⇨ 004.056.54 Security against spyware |
| 004.5 | Human-computer interaction. Man-machine interface. User interface. User environment Scope Note: For peripheral hardware see 004.35 |
| 004.51 | Display interface |
| 004.512 | Textual interfaces. Character-based user interfaces |
| 004.512.2 | Command prompts |
| 004.512.3 | Menu interfaces |
004.512.4 | Conversational interfaces |
| 004.512.5 | Forms dialogue interfaces |
| 004.514 | Graphical user interfaces |
| 004.514.2 | Pointers |
| 004.514.4 | Pop-up menus. Pull-down menus |
| 004.514.6 | Windows environment. Wimp interface |
| 004.514.62 | Desktop manager |
| 004.514.64 | Drag-and-drop |
| 004.514.66 | Holographic user interface. 3D interface Scope Note: Class here also 3D effects in window manipulation and direct manipulation ⇨ -023.5 Three-dimensional. Solid ⇨ 004.353.256 Holographic display technology ⇨ 778.38 Holography (photographic aspects) |
| 004.52 | Sound interface |
| 004.522 | Speaking interface |
| 004.523 | Use of sounds other than speech |
| 004.55 | Hypermedia. Hypertext |
| 004.58 | User help ⇨ (083.131) Directions for use. User’s guides. User’s manuals (directions for the use of equipment, instruments, specialist documents, computer software, etc.). Operating instructions |
| 004.582 | On-screen help |
| 004.584 | Wizards |
| 004.588 | Tutorial programs |
| 004.6 | Data. Data sets ◇ 004.6-022.59 Big Data |
| 004.62 | Data handling |
| 004.622 | Data preparation |
| 004.623 | Downloading. Uploading |
| 004.624 | Data export. Data import |
| 004.627 | Data compression |
| 004.63 | Files |
| 004.632 | File access |
| 004.632.2 | Serial access |
| 004.632.3 | Sequential access |
| 004.632.4 | Random access. Direct access |
| 004.632.5 | Indexed sequential access |
| 004.633 | File manipulation |
| 004.633.2 | Sort operation |
| 004.633.3 | Merge operation |
| 004.633.4 | Update operation |
| 004.65 | Databases and their structures Database management systems (DBMS) ◇ 004.65:004.451 Database operating systems |
| 004.651 | Database file organization |
| 004.651.2 | Partitioned organization |
| 004.651.3 | Multilist organization |
| 004.651.4 | Tree structure organization |
| 004.651.5 | Dynamic file organization |
| 004.651.52 | B-tree |
| 004.651.53 | Self-organization tree |
| 004.651.54 | Dynamic hash organization |
| 004.652 | Database models |
| 004.652.2 | Hierarchical model |
| 004.652.3 | Network model |
| 004.652.4 | Relational model |
| 004.652.42 | Relational integrity |
| 004.652.43 | Relational algebra |
| 004.652.44 | Relational calculus |
| 004.652.5 | Object-oriented data model |
| 004.652.6 | Logical database model |
| 004.652.7 | Inverted file model |
| 004.652.8 | Entity-relationship model |
| 004.654 | Data dependency |
| 004.655 | Database languages |
| 004.655.2 | Data definition languages |
| 004.655.3 | Data manipulation languages Query languages. Standard query language (SQL) |
| 004.656 | Data dictionaries |
| 004.657 | Database query processing |
| 004.658 | Database management |
| 004.658.2 | Operation of database |
| 004.658.3 | Restructuring of database |
004.658.4 | Standardization of database |
| 004.658.6 | Interoperable database |
| 004.659 | Search engines |
| 004.67 | Systems for numeric data Spreadsheet systems |
| 004.7 | Computer communication. Computer networks |
| 004.71 | Computer communication hardware Scope Note: Telecommunication equipment is classed under 621.39 |
| 004.712 | Network adapters. Network cards |
| 004.713 | Data switches |
| 004.714 | Hubs Active hubs. Passive hubs |
| 004.715 | Routers |
| 004.716 | Network interconnection devices Bridges. Gateways. Relays |
| 004.717 | Front-end processors. Front-end computers |
| 004.72 | Network architecture Application Note: Details on protocols by special auxiliaries 004.057.4, from 004.01/.08 ◇ 004.72:004.451 Network operating systems ◇ 004.72.056.52 Restricted access in networks. Firewalls ⇨ 004.057.4 Protocols |
| 004.722 | Network topologies FTP (file transfer protocol) |
| 004.722.2 | Point-to-point networks |
| 004.722.22 | Star networks |
| 004.722.23 | Ring networks |
| 004.722.25 | Tree networks |
004.722.4 | Broadcast networks |
| 004.722.42 | Token ring networks |
| 004.722.43 | Token bus networks |
| 004.722.45 | Satellite networks |
| 004.724 | Data switching methods |
| 004.724.2 | Circuit switching |
| 004.724.3 | Message switching |
| 004.724.4 | Packet switching |
| 004.725 | Network parts |
| 004.725.2 | Hosts |
| 004.725.4 | Nodes |
| 004.725.5 | Local access networks |
| 004.725.7 | Backbone networks |
| 004.728 | Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model |
| 004.728.1 | Physical layer |
| 004.728.3 | Data-link layer ◇ 004.728.3.057.4 Data-link control protocols |
| 004.728.4 | Network layer |
| 004.728.5 | Transport layer |
| 004.728.6 | Session layer |
| 004.728.7 | Presentation layer |
004.728.8 | Application layer |
| 004.73 | Networks according to area covered |
| 004.732 | Local area networks (LANs) |
| 004.733 | Metropolitan area networks (MANs) |
| 004.735 | Wide area networks (WANs) |
| 004.738 | Network interconnection. Internetworking Networks of networks, e.g. Arpanet and Internet, and national, state or academic networks ◇ 004.738:378(410) UK Joint Academic Network – JANET |
| 004.738.1 | Site. Service node. Sites by type of service ◇ 004.738.1FTP FTP site |
| 004.738.4 | Intranets |
| 004.738.45 | Extranets |
| 004.738.5 | The Internet World Wide Web (WWW) Scope Note: Class here the Internet from the technological point of view only. For World Wide Web in the strict sense, see 004.774. For general concept of internet in the sense of ‘online’, see 077 ◇ 004.738.5:338.46 Internet service providers ◇ 004.738.5.057.2 Internet and WWW standards ◇ 004.738.5.057.4 Internet protocol. TCP/IP |
| 004.75 | Distributed processing systems ◇ 004.75:004.451 Distributed operating systems ◇ 004.75:004.455 Client-server systems ◇ 004.75:004.455.1 Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing ◇ 004.75:004.455.1BT BitTorrent P2P file sharing ◇ 004.75:004.455.1-028.51Tor Tor anonymity network |
| 004.76 | Cloud computing Application Note: Details on the deployment model by colon combination and/or common auxiliaries of properties (Table 1k, -02) ◇ 004.74:004.6-022.59 Big Data cloud ◇ 004.76:004.382.2 High performance cloud (HPC) ◇ 004.76:004.42 Cloud engineering ◇ 004.76-022.218 Multicloud ◇ 004.76-027.55 Hybrid cloud (private and public) ◇ 004.76-027.551 Private cloud ◇ 004.76-027.555 Public cloud |
| 004.761 | Platform as a cloud service (PaaS) Scope Note: Class here cloud services providing pre-configured server resources on which users can run and develop software of their choice ◇ 004.761HER Heroku ◇ 004.761ORA Oracle Cloud Platform |
| 004.762 | Software as a cloud service (SaaS) Scope Note: Class here software applications running on a cloud infrastructure ◇ 004.762:004.451.52 Cloud file management software (e.g. Dropbox) ◇ 004.762:005.8BAS Cloud project management software (e.g. Basecamp) |
| 004.763 | Infrastructure as a cloud service (IaaS) Scope Note: Class here services providing physical computing resources ◇ 004.762:004.383.2 Cloud server providers (e.g. Amazon Web Services) |
| 004.764 | Serverless cloud computing Function as a service (FaaS) Scope Note: Class here services starting and stopping virtual cloud resources as required to satisfy demand |
| 004.765 | Mobile backend as a cloud service (MBaaS) Scope Note: Class here services providing cloud storage and APIs for mobile applications |
| 004.77 | General networking applications and services Internet applications |
| 004.771 | Remote access Telnet, Secure Shell (ssh), remote login (rlogin), remote shell (rsh), remote command prompt (rcp), remote executable (rexec) Scope Note: Programs for executing commands on remote machine |
| 004.772 | File transfer ◇ 004.772FSP File Service Protocol ◇ 004.772FTP File Transfer Protocol |
| 004.773 | Message interchange |
| 004.773.2 | Bulletin boards |
| 004.773.3 | Electronic mail (e-mail) ◇ 004.773.3ELM Easy Learning Mail – ELM program ◇ 004.773.3EUDORA Eudora mail program |
| 004.773.4 | Messaging applications. Internet telephony. Broadband telephony. Voice over IP (VoIP) protocols Services and providers Application Note: Details on specific platforms or services by alphabetical subdivision ◇ 004.773.4VIB Viber ◇ 004.773.4.7SKY Skype ◇ 004.773.4.7WHA WhatsApp ⇨ 621.395 Telephony technology and equipment |
| 004.773.5 | Computer conferencing Video conferencing |
| 004.773.6 | Instant messaging. Real-time messaging. Chat rooms Scope Note: For instant messaging using mobile phone (SMS texting), see 621.395.721.5. For VoIP-based systems, see 004.773.4 ◇ 004.773.6ICQ ‘I-seek-you’ ◇ 004.773.6IRC Internet Relay Chat program |
| 004.773.7 | Newsgroups. Forums. Online discussion groups |
| 004.774 | World Wide Web (in the strict sense, HTTP application) Web pages. Web resources. Web Content ◇ 004.774:001.103.2 Web resources metadata ◇ 004.774-026.11 Static web pages. Passive web ◇ 004.774-026.12 Dynamic web pages. Active web |
| 004.774.1 | Social web / participatory web Social networking platforms. Social networking services, sites (SNS) Scope Note: Class here web technology and applications allowing users to generate content, interact and collaborate. Class here technology related to virtual communities. For social media phenomena, see 077.5 ◇ 004.774.1FB Facebook ◇ 004.774.1TW Twitter |
| 004.774.2 | Semantic Web |
| 004.774.25 | Linked Data Open Linked Data |
| 004.774.6 | Tools and programs for web page design, web content publishing, organization and management ◇ 004.774.6:311 Web page access statistics programs ◇ 004.774.6BLOG Weblog pages. Blogs. Interactive web journals ◇ 004.774.6CMS Content Management Systems ◇ 004.774.6RSS Syndication of Web content using Really Simple Syndication (RSS) format |
| 004.775 | Search and information services Wide Area Information System (WAIS), Gopher, web crawlers, search engines, intelligent agents, bots, directories, gateways, portals, vortals (vertical industry portals), webrings ◇ 004.775Goo Google search |
| 004.777 | Programmatic web interfaces. Web APIs Web services (WSDL, SOAP, REST) ⇨ 077 Internet. Internet studies. Internet and Web science |
| 004.78 | Online computing systems for specific use ◇ 004.78:025.4.036 For information retrieval ◇ 004.78:336.717 For banking transactions |
| 004.8 | Artificial intelligence |
| 004.81 | Models of cognitive processes Application Note: Details by colon combination with the subdivision of 159.9 ◇ 004.81:159.942.52 Model of feeling ◇ 004.81:159.953 Model of memory ◇ 004.81:159.953.32 Model of association ◇ 004.81:159.953.5 Model of learning ◇ 004.81:159.953.6 Model of forgetting ◇ 004.81:159.955 Model of thinking |
| 004.82 | Knowledge representation |
| 004.822 | Knowledge networks Semantic networks |
| 004.823 | Frame systems. Frames Schemata. Scripts |
| 004.824 | Multiple word |
| 004.825 | Production systems. Rule-based systems |
| 004.826 | Blackboard model |
| 004.827 | Representation of ambiguity Uncertainty. Incompleteness of knowledge |
| 004.83 | Reasoning |
| 004.832 | Problem solving |
| 004.832.2 | Search |
| 004.832.22 | Representation of problem |
| 004.832.23 | Search in problem space |
| 004.832.24 | Search in game tree |
| 004.832.25 | Constraint-based search |
| 004.832.28 | Control strategies |
| 004.832.3 | Inference |
| 004.832.32 | Method of inference |
| 004.832.34 | Inference based on ambiguous knowledge |
| 004.832.38 | Control of inference |
| 004.838 | Kinds of reasoning |
| 004.838.2 | Qualitative reasoning |
| 004.838.3 | Analogical reasoning |
| 004.838.5 | Abduction |
| 004.85 | Machine learning |
| 004.852 | Statistical learning and parameter learning |
| 004.853 | Knowledge acquisition and maintenance |
| 004.855 | Learning and inductive inference |
| 004.855.2 | Grammatical inference |
| 004.855.3 | Concept learning |
| 004.855.5 | Learning from examples |
| 004.855.6 | Learning by analogy. Learning by discovery |
| 004.89 | Artificial intelligence application systems. Intelligent knowledge-based systems |
| 004.891 | Expert systems |
| 004.891.2 | Consultation expert systems |
| 004.891.3 | Diagnostic expert systems |
| 004.896 | Artificial intelligence in industrial systems Intelligent CAD / CAM. Intelligent robotics |
| 004.9 | Application-oriented computer-based techniques |
| 004.91 | Document processing and production |
| 004.912 | Word processing. Text processing |
| 004.915 | Desktop publishing |
| 004.92 | Computer graphics |
| 004.921 | Elements or objects in computer graphics |
| 004.922 | Coordinates in computer graphics Viewing transformation |
| 004.923 | Stereoscopic view |
| 004.924 | Input methods for graphics ⇨ 004.352.22 Graphics scanners ⇨ 004.354.4 Graphics tablets. Graphic pads. Digitizer tablets |
| 004.925 | Computer graphics techniques |
| 004.925.2 | Hidden line removal. Hidden surface removal ◇ 004.925.2.021 Hidden line algorithm |
| 004.925.3 | Shading Ray tracing |
| 004.925.4 | Texture mapping |
| 004.925.5 | Colour display |
| 004.925.6 | Painting |
| 004.925.8 | Geometric modelling |
| 004.925.82 | Wireframe modelling |
| 004.925.83 | Surface modelling |
| 004.925.84 | Solid modelling |
| 004.925.86 | Curve modelling |
| 004.928 | Animation |
| 004.93 | Pattern information processing |
| 004.93`1 | Pattern recognition. Pattern matching |
| 004.93`11 | Pattern space Feature space. Distance |
| 004.93`12 | Pattern discrimination |
| 004.93`14 | Clustering in patterns |
| 004.932 | Image processing |
004.932.1 | Image sampling |
| 004.932.2 | Image analysis |
| 004.932.4 | Image editing Image filtering. Image enhancement. Anti-aliasing |
| 004.932.7 | Image types |
| 004.932.72 | Objects in images ◇ 004.932.72`1 Object recognition |
| 004.932.75 | Characters as images ◇ 004.932.75`1 Character recognition |
| 004.934 | Speech information processing |
| 004.934.1 | Words in speech ◇ 004.934.1`1 Word recognition |
| 004.934.2 | Speech analysis |
| 004.934.8 | Speakers ◇ 004.934.8`1 Speaker recognition |
| 004.94 | Simulation ⇨ 004.358 Peripherals for simulation and virtual reality ⇨ 004.383.4 Simulators |
| 004.942 | Simulation using mathematical models Scope Note: Class here computing aspects ⇨ 519.876.5 Numerical imitation of systems. Simulation |
| 004.946 | Virtual reality (VR) Scope Note: Class here modelling of a computer-generated environment simulating reality through interaction with an artificial three-dimensional visual or other sensory environment using interactive devices: goggles, headsets, gloves, or body suits. For Internet virtual worlds see 004.946.5 Application Note: Details on application of VR technology in entertainment, medicine, biotechnology, engineering, design, or marketing, by colon combination |
| 004.946.5 | Virtual worlds Virtual worlds on the Internet Scope Note: Class here technological, programming, design aspects of virtual worlds |
| 004.96 | Video game design ◇ 004.96:004.382.742 Game design for smartphones. Game apps design ◇ 004.96:004.42 Game programming ⇨ 795 Electronic games |
| 005 | Management ⇨ 37.091 Organization of educational establishments |
| 005.1 | Management theory |
| 005.11 | Schools of thought Agency theory |
| 005.12 | Principles. Basis |
| 005.13 | Causes. Drivers |
| 005.2 | Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures |
| 005.21 | Strategies ⇨ 005.52 Analysis. Definition |
| 005.212 | Visions |
| 005.213 | Missions ◇ 005.213(047.3) Mission statements |
| 005.214 | Goals. Aims |
| 005.216 | Objectives. Targets |
| 005.216.1 | Performance indicators ⇨ 005.332.1 Performance ⇨ 005.962.13 Performance management |
| 005.216.3 | SMART |
| 005.218 | Deliverables |
| 005.22 | Methods. Techniques. Approaches |
| 005.24 | Rights |
| 005.25 | Responsibilities. Functions. Obligations. Roles |
| 005.254 | Duties. Tasks |
| 005.3 | Management activities |
| 005.31 | Operational research (OR) Scope Note: Class here operational research as a management subject in general. For operational research as methods in social sciences see 303. For the application of particular mathematical theories and methods in operational research, combine with 519.8 ◇ 005.31:519.71 Application of system theory, control theory in operational research ◇ 005.31:519.813 Games of chance. Experimental games in operational research ◇ 005.31:519.814 Theory of statistical solutions ◇ 005.31:519.816 Decision theory. Theory of decision making in operational research ◇ 005.31:519.83 Application of game theory in operational research ⇨ 303.7 Analysis procedures ⇨ 519.8 Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods |
| 005.311 | Data collection Surveys |
| 005.311.1 | Types and techniques of operational research |
| 005.311.11 | Qualitative operational research ◇ 005.311.11:303.62 Use of questionnaires |
| 005.311.12 | Quantitative operational research ◇ 005.311.12:519.852 Use of linear programming techniques |
| 005.311.121 | Statistical techniques ⇨ 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics |
| 005.311.2 | Flow charts. Function diagrams (as subjects) ⇨ (084.21) Diagrams. Graphs ⇨ (084.29) Block diagrams (two-dimensional). Flow charts (flow-sheets) |
| 005.32 | Organizational behaviour. Management psychology ◇ 005.32:331.101.3 Motivation. Attitudes to work ◇ 005.32:331.101.32 Job satisfaction |
| 005.321 | Aspirations |
| 005.322 | Personal qualities ◇ 005.322:316.46 Leadership qualities |
| 005.33 | Management conditions. Factors |
| 005.331 | Human assets. Stakeholders |
| 005.332 | Forces ◇ 005.332:338.124.2 Recession as a factor in management |
| 005.332.1 | Performance ⇨ 005.216.1 Performance indicators ⇨ 005.962.13 Performance management |
| 005.332.2 | Trends ◇ 005.332.2:005.591.47 Downsizing as a trend in management |
| 005.332.3 | Change Variance. Breakpoints ◇ 005.332.3:005.13 Change drivers |
| 005.332.4 | Competition |
| 005.332.5 | Openness. Transparency. Confidentiality. Secrecy ⇨ 001.9 Dissemination of ideas |
| 005.332.6 | Demand |
| 005.332.7 | Events. Incidents. Occurrences. Happenings |
| 005.332.8 | Results. Outcomes. Effects Impact. Output |
| 005.334 | Negative factors. Threats. Problems Risks. Disasters. Crises |
| 005.334.1 | Deficiencies. Faults. Incompetencies |
| 005.334.2 | Disputes. Disagreements. Conflicts |
| 005.334.3 | Criticisms. Complaints. Grievances. Claims |
| 005.334.4 | Losses. Wastage Insolvency |
| 005.336 | Positive factors. Opportunities. Advantages. Strengths. Progress |
| 005.336.1 | Efficiency |
| 005.336.2 | Competence ⇨ 3.076 Competence, sphere of authority. Duties. Powers |
| 005.336.3 | Quality |
| 005.336.4 | Intellectual capital. Expertise. Know-how |
| 005.336.5 | Skills ◇ 005.336.5:004 Computer skills. IT skills ◇ 005.336.5:005.57 Communication skills. Interpersonal skills ⇨ 316.77 Social communication. Sociology of communication |
| 005.336.6 | Goodwill. Reputation |
| 005.337 | Income. Incomings. Earnings. Returns. Revenue ⇨ 338.515 Profit |
| 005.337.1 | Bonuses. Allowances. Credit |
| 005.34 | Management styles. Management approaches |
| 005.341 | Conservative. Safe. Low-risk |
| 005.342 | Innovative. Risk-taking. Entrepreneurial |
| 005.343 | Competitive |
| 005.344 | Cooperative. Relationship based |
| 005.345 | Task-focused |
| 005.346 | Customer-focused. Market-driven |
| 005.35 | Social aspects of management. Social responsibility in management. Corporate responsibility |
| 005.4 | Processes in management |
| 005.41 | Developmental processes. Life-cycles |
| 005.411 | Start up. Foundation. Establishment. Inauguration |
| 005.412 | Growth. Rise. Development |
| 005.414 | Maturity |
| 005.415 | Decline |
| 005.416 | Dissolution. Closure. Liquidation |
| 005.418 | Renewal. Reconstruction |
| 005.42 | Interaction. Relations ◇ 005.42-024.61 Internal relations in the organization |
| 005.44 | Globalisation |
| 005.5 | Management operations. Direction |
| 005.51 | Planning |
| 005.511 | Business planning ◇ 005.511(083.92) Business plans |
| 005.52 | Analysis. Definition ◇ 005.52:005.33 Analysis of the situation. SWOT analysis ◇ 005.52:005.334 Risk analysis. Risk management ◇ 005.52:330.133.1 Value analysis. Utility value cost analysis ⇨ 303.7 Analysis procedures |
| 005.521 | Forecasting. Foresight. Scenario planning ◇ 005.521:334.7 Business forecasting |
| 005.523 | Critical success factors (CSFs) |
| 005.525 | Force field analysis |
| 005.53 | Decision making. Design. Specification |
| 005.54 | Implementation. Execution ◇ 005.54:005.31 Use of OR in implementation studies |
| 005.55 | Administration ⇨ 005.91 Administrative management. Secretariat |
| 005.551 | Organization. Arrangement Co-ordination. Formation. Teambuilding |
| 005.552 | Allocation. Assignment |
005.552.1 | Distribution. Supply |
| 005.552.2 | Demarcation. Division |
| 005.552.3 | Scheduling. Routeing. Queueing ⇨ 355.41 Logistics and field service generally |
| 005.56 | Collaboration. Cooperation. Participation |
| 005.562 | Deployment. Use. Delivery Processing. Progressing. Expediting |
| 005.57 | Communication Informing. Notification |
| 005.571 | Interviewing |
| 005.572 | Consultation. Advice |
| 005.573 | Discussion. Debate Brainstorming |
| 005.574 | Mediation. Conflict resolution Negotiation. Bargaining |
| 005.575 | Liaison Networking. Lobbying |
| 005.58 | Authority. Power |
| 005.581 | Compulsion |
| 005.582 | Intervention. Regulation. Manipulation |
| 005.582.1 | Approval. Authorization. Inclusion |
| 005.582.2 | Disapproval. Refusal. Exclusion |
| 005.583 | Empowerment. Delegation |
| 005.583.1 | Motivating |
| 005.583.3 | Assistance. Encouragement |
| 005.584 | Supervision ⇨ 005.935 Supervision of plant and production |
| 005.584.1 | Monitoring. Inspection. Checking |
| 005.584.2 | Discovery. Detection |
| 005.585 | Evaluation. Assessment |
| 005.59 | Problem solving. Troubleshooting. Following-up |
| 005.591 | Adjustment. Modification. Revision ◇ 005.591:005.21 Modification of strategies |
| 005.591.1 | Optimization. Improvement. Enhancement |
| 005.591.3 | Expansion Maximization. Extension |
| 005.591.4 | Reorganization. Restructuring. Redesign Conversion. Exchange. Transferral. Substitution. Relocation ◇ 005.591.4:005.58 Transfer of power ◇ 005.591.4:005.743 Departmentalization |
| 005.591.41 | Buy-out. Takeover |
| 005.591.43 | Contracting out. Subcontracting. Outsourcing Licensing. Franchising |
| 005.591.45 | Concentration. Division |
| 005.591.452 | Concentration Integration. Merger. Amalgamation. Syndication. Partnership |
| 005.591.454 | Division Demerger. Dissolution of cartel |
| 005.591.46 | Centralization. Decentralization |
| 005.591.47 | Contraction. Downsizing |
| 005.591.5 | Specialization. Focusing |
| 005.591.6 | Modernization. Automation. Innovation |
| 005.591.61 | Diversification. Experimentation |
| 005.6 | Quality management. Total quality management (TQM) |
| 005.61 | Productivity |
| 005.62 | Continuous improvement |
| 005.63 | Best values |
| 005.64 | Teamwork ⇨ 005.961 Work |
| 005.642 | Group decision making |
| 005.642.1 | Benchmarking |
| 005.642.2 | Statistical process control |
| 005.642.3 | ‘Cost of quality’ measurement |
| 005.642.4 | Process analysis Pareto charts. Fish bone cause-and-effect diagrams. Control charts |
| 005.642.5 | Work study and analysis Method study. Simplification of work. Time-and-motion study. Quantification and rating of work ⇨ 331.101.3 Attitude to work. Work motivation. Work morale. Work incentives ⇨ 331.103.3 Work study. Time and motion study. Work measurement |
| 005.642.6 | Activity sampling. Ratio delay study Predetermined motion-time (PMT) systems. Methods-time measurement (MTM). Work factor ⇨ 331.103.3 Work study. Time and motion study. Work measurement |
| 005.642.8 | Standard and allowed time and their determination Waiting time. Delay. Lost, unproductive, idle time ⇨ 331.103.28 Work pace |
| 005.65 | Just-in-time management |
| 005.66 | Reward systems ⇨ 005.88 Rewards. Incentives |
| 005.662 | Recognition systems |
| 005.664 | Monetary reward systems |
| 005.7 | Organizational management (OM) ◇ 005.7:334.722.24 Organizational management in family-owned companies ◇ 005.7(084.2) Organization diagrams, graphs, charts |
| 005.71 | Organizational types. Organizations. Bodies ◇ 005.71-021.131 Virtual organizations ◇ 005.71-022.5 Size of a firm ◇ 005.71-022.57:005.21 Strategic planning in very large organizations |
| 005.72 | Organizational structures ◇ 005.72:005.591.46 Decentralized structures ◇ 005.72:005.74 Organizational systems ◇ 005.72:334.7 Federations, alliances of organizations |
| 005.721 | Rigid organizational structures |
| 005.722 | Flexible organizational structures |
| 005.724 | Flat management |
| 005.725 | Pyramidal management |
| 005.73 | Organizational culture |
| 005.731 | Bureaucracy |
| 005.732 | Hierarchical organizational culture |
| 005.733 | Power-based culture |
| 005.734 | Role-based culture |
| 005.74 | Systems. Arrangements |
| 005.742 | Organs. Executive bodies Boards. Committees ◇ 005.742:005.591.45 Committees for cooperation. Joint committees ◇ 005.742:005.72 Corporate control ◇ 005.742-057.162 Executive officers. Executives ◇ 005.742-057.162:005.25 Responsibilities of executives ◇ 005.742-057.177.1 Board chairmen |
| 005.743 | Organizational divisions Teams. Units. Departments ◇ 005.743:005.334.3 Customers’ complaints department ◇ 005.743-027.512 Specialized units. Including: Working groups. Technical committees |
| 005.745 | Meetings. Congresses. Symposiums. Conferences ◇ 005.745:005.55 Conduct of meetings ◇ 005.745:81`253 Interpreting (oral translation) at meetings. Including: Simultaneous, consecutive interpreting at meetings ◇ 005.745(062.533) Agendas for meetings ◇ 005.745-021.372 Extraordinary meetings |
| 005.8 | Project management ◇ 005.8:005.574 Negotiation tactics |
| 005.81 | Sequences. Flow |
| 005.82 | Network techniques. Network diagrams. Gantt charts |
| 005.821 | Activity-on-arrow systems ADM (arrow diagrams). CPM (critical path analysis). PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) |
| 005.823 | Activity-on-node networks Precedence diagrams (PDM). Roy method, or method of potentials (MOM or MPM) |
| 005.828 | Milestones |
| 005.83 | Procedures. Processes |
| 005.84 | Formalities |
| 005.85 | Restrictions. Controls |
| 005.86 | Directions |
| 005.87 | Deliverables |
| 005.88 | Rewards. Incentives ⇨ 005.66 Reward systems |
| 005.89 | Penalties |
| 005.9 | Fields of management |
| 005.91 | Administrative management. Secretariat |
| 005.911 | Levels of management ◇ 005.911-057.175 Middle management |
| 005.912 | Office management. Office services ◇ 005.912:004.773.2 Office bulletin boards ◇ 005.912:656.8-024.61 Internal mail services ◇ 005.912:656.874 Use of courier services ◇ 005.912:81`25 Office translating service ◇ 005.912-051 Office staff in general ◇ 005.912-057.164 Assistants. Secretarial staff |
| 005.912.2 | Interface with the public Commissionaire service. Reception. Enquiries. Visits |
| 005.912.3 | Counter duty. Desk duty |
| 005.913 | Registries |
| 005.915 | Financial management |
| 005.92 | Records management ◇ 005.92:004.63 Records management of digital documents, files. Management of electronic records ⇨ 004.451.54 Record manipulation ⇨ 02 Librarianship |
| 005.921 | Records management policy decisions |
| 005.921.1 | Retention. Discarding ◇ 005.921.1(083.81) Retention schedules ◇ 005.921.1″4″ Retention periods ◇ 005.921.1-022.324 Permanent retention of records. Archiving |
| 005.921.8 | Destruction Shredding ⇨ 686.865.24 Shredders |
| 005.922 | Records management procedures ◇ 005.922:005.311 Records surveys ◇ 005.922:025.25 Accessioning, serial numbering of records ◇ 005.922:025.4 Classification and indexing of records ◇ 005.922:025.6 Loan of records, documents |
| 005.922.1 | Security. Protection. Avoidance |
| 005.922.3 | Storage ◇ 005.922.3:684.455.6 Storage of records in plan cabinets. Shallow drawer filing ◇ 005.922.3-025.76 Lateral filing of records. Including: Roll-out filing |
| 005.922.5 | Preservation |
005.922.52 | Substitution as a method of record preservation ◇ 005.922.52:004.932 Digitization of images as a method of record preservation ◇ 005.922.52:778.14 Microfilming as a method of record preservation |
| 005.922.7 | Conservation |
| 005.922.72 | Renovation. Restoration. Repair |
| 005.923 | Agencies responsible for records |
| 005.923.1 | Records creation agencies ◇ 005.923.1:354.11 Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a record creating agency |
| 005.923.2 | Records storage agencies ⇨ 930.253 Archive repositories and their contents |
| 005.923.21 | Records centres |
| 005.93 | Plant management. Physical resources management |
| 005.931 | Physical conditions. Physical environment |
| 005.931.1 | Management of adverse conditions. Damage limitation |
| 005.931.11 | Emergencies. Disasters. Crises |
| 005.931.12 | Accidents |
| 005.931.13 | Breakdowns. Damage |
| 005.931.2 | Management of deficiencies, shortages, lacks |
| 005.931.21 | Errors. Defects. Faults |
| 005.932 | Inventory management. Stock management. Resource management |
| 005.932.1 | Ordering. Commissioning |
| 005.932.2 | Acquisition. Purchase. Buying |
| 005.932.3 | Selection. Choice |
| 005.932.4 | Receipt. Collection |
| 005.932.5 | Payment. Spending |
| 005.932.6 | Dispatch |
| 005.933 | Setting up. Fixing |
| 005.933.1 | Assembly. Construction. Putting together. Installation |
| 005.933.2 | Disposition. Sorting |
| 005.934 | Security measures. Safety precautions |
| 005.934.1 | Oversight |
| 005.934.2 | Maintenance |
| 005.934.3 | Protection. Avoidance |
| 005.934.4 | Renovation. Restoration. Repair |
| 005.934.5 | Servicing |
| 005.935 | Supervision of plant and production |
| 005.935.1 | Observation |
| 005.935.2 | Investigation |
| 005.935.3 | Examination ⇨ 006.015.5 Quality |
| 005.935.31 | Checking |
| 005.935.32 | Sampling |
| 005.935.33 | Testing. Tests |
| 005.935.34 | Trials |
| 005.935.35 | Discovery. Detection |
| 005.935.38 | Decommissioning. Dismantling |
| 005.936 | Physical assets. Property. Facilities |
| 005.936.1 | Land |
| 005.936.2 | Buildings. Sites ◇ 005.936.2:69.05 Site layouts |
| 005.936.21 | Offices |
| 005.936.22 | Headquarters. Head office |
| 005.936.23 | Subsidiary sites |
| 005.936.3 | Plant |
| 005.936.31 | Fixtures and fittings |
005.936.33 | Office equipment. Office machines ◇ 005.936.33:772.93 Electrographic office machines. Office copiers, duplicators |
| 005.936.4 | Stock. Inventory |
| 005.936.41 | Supplies. Raw materials |
| 005.936.42 | Work in progress. Semi-finished products |
| 005.936.43 | Products. Goods. Merchandise. Wares |
| 005.936.44 | By-products |
| 005.936.5 | Waste. Residue. Refuse. Scrap |
| 005.94 | Knowledge management ◇ 005.94:004.9 Automated knowledge management systems |
| 005.941 | Corporate know-how. Organizational know-how |
| 005.942 | Advisory services. Consultancy services ◇ 005.942:334.7 Business consultancy |
| 005.95/.96 | Personnel management. Human Resources management |
| 005.95 | Personnel management ◇ 005.95:005.55 Personnel administration. Including: Personnel files, records ◇ 005.95:005.92 Management of personnel records ◇ 005.95-051 Personnel managers ⇨ 331.5 Labour market. Employment |
| 005.951 | Posts. Positions ◇ 005.951:005.52 Job analysis ◇ 005.951:005.53 Job specification ◇ 005.951:005.585 Job evaluation |
| 005.952 | Workforce market ◇ 005.952:005.53 Person specification |
| 005.952.2 | Staff ratios |
| 005.953 | Recruitment ◇ 005.953:316.356.2 Nepotism in recruitment ◇ 005.953:331.5 Influence of the labour market on recruitment ◇ 005.953:364.614.8 Equal opportunities in recruitment |
| 005.953.2 | Selection Selection criteria. References. Curricula vitae ◇ 005.953.2:005.571 Assessment by interview ◇ 005.953.2:316.45 Group selection |
| 005.954 | Appointment of staff. Employment of staff ◇ 005.954:331.31 Hours of work. Including: Flexitime ◇ 005.954:349.22 Employment contracts |
| 005.954.2 | Probationary periods |
| 005.954.4 | Leave. Holiday entitlement |
| 005.954.6 | Compensation. Benefits Benefits in kind. Fringe benefits ◇ 005.954.6:336.77:365.262.1 Low-interest loans for home purchase ◇ 005.954.6:625.712.63 Parking facilities ◇ 005.954.6:656.03:336.773 Interest-free loans for travel, season tickets |
| 005.955 | Remuneration. Wages. Salaries ◇ 005.955″530*1″ Weekly wages ◇ 005.955-021.61 Basic pay |
| 005.956 | Job termination |
| 005.956.2 | Redundancy ◇ 005.956.2:347.447.84 Compensation. Redundancy payment ◇ 005.956.2-027.556 Voluntary redundancy |
| 005.956.4 | Resignation |
| 005.956.6 | Retirement |
| 005.958 | Problems with personnel |
| 005.958.2 | Negative attitudes to employment. Unsatisfactory attitudes to work |
| 005.958.4 | Absenteeism |
| 005.96 | Human resources management (HRM) |
| 005.961 | Work ◇ 005.961:005.336.1 Ergonomics ◇ 005.961:005.81 Work flow ⇨ 005.64 Teamwork |
| 005.962 | Staff ◇ 005.962:005.584 Staff supervision ◇ 005.962:364.634 Workplace harassment ⇨ -057.1 Persons according to work, employment, administrative status |
| 005.962.1 | Staff procedures |
| 005.962.11 | Time management |
| 005.962.13 | Performance management ◇ 005.962.13:005.332.1 Performance measures ⇨ 005.216.1 Performance indicators |
| 005.962.131 | Appraisal. Feedback |
| 005.962.15 | Staff discipline |
| 005.963 | Staff development |
| 005.963.1 | Training. Training courses |
| 005.963.2 | Mentoring |
| 005.963.3 | Visits, study trips |
| 005.963.5 | Workplace training |
| 005.966 | Careers. Career development |
| 005.966.1 | Job shadowing |
| 005.966.2 | Voluntary work |
| 005.966.3 | Job mobility |
| 005.966.32 | Secondments |
| 005.966.4 | Job flexibility |
| 005.966.42 | Job swaps |
| 005.966.44 | Job sharing |
| 005.966.5 | Promotion. Advancement |
| 006 | Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time Standards. Specifications. Codes of practice. Recommendations ⇨ (083) Technical and normative documents. Tables. Lists, etc. ⇨ 658.516 Standardization within the firm. Variety reduction |
| 006.01 | Theory, principles, fundamentals, aims |
| 006.011 | General theory, principles of standardization |
| 006.012 | Specific bases and fundamentals of standardization Application Note: Details by special auxiliaries 006.02 ◇ 006.83.012.024 Legal bases for quality standardization |
| 006.013 | Investigation of the usefulness and expediency of standardization in particular subject fields ◇ 006.78.013 Need for dimensional standardization ⇨ 006.052 Investigation of the need for a standard |
| 006.015 | Aims of standardization and associated activities |
| 006.015.2 | Variety reduction. Simplification. Unification. Rationalization |
| 006.015.3 | Comparability. Interchangeability |
| 006.015.4 | Predictability. Repeatability Process validation |
| 006.015.5 | Quality Quality assurance ⇨ 004.415.5 Software quality assurance ⇨ 005.935.3 Examination |